Measuring changes in higher-order cognition through the assessment of complex knowledge over time

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Navé Wald ◽  
Tony Harland
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Complex Knowledge ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Longitudinal change in restricted and repetitive behaviors from 8-36 months

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Sifre ◽  
Daniel Berry ◽  
Jason J. Wolff ◽  
Jed T. Elison
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Factor Score ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Restricted And Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Repetitive Motor ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are core features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and one of the earliest behavioral signs of ASD. However, RRBs are also present in typically developing (TD) infants, toddlers, and preschool-aged children. Past work suggests that examining change in these behaviors over time is essential to distinguish between normative manifestations of these behaviors and behaviors that denote risk for a neurodevelopmental disorder. One challenge in examining changes in these behaviors over time is that most measures of RRBs have not established longitudinal measurement invariance. The aims of this study were to (1) establish measurement invariance in the Repetitive Behavior Scales for Early Childhood (RBS-EC), a parent-report questionnaire of RRBs, and (2) model developmental change in RRBs from 8 to 36 months. Methods We collected RBS-EC responses from parents of TD infants (n = 180) from 8 to 36 months (n = 606 responses, with participants contributing an average of 3-time points). We leverage a novel methodological approach to measurement invariance testing (Bauer, Psychological Models, 22(3), 507–526, 2017), moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA), to determine whether the RBS-EC was invariant across age and sex. We then generated adjusted factor score estimates for each subscale of the RBS-EC (repetitive motor, self-directed, and higher-order behaviors), and used linear mixed effects models to estimate between- and within-person changes in the RBS-EC over time. Results The RBS-EC showed some non-invariance as a function of age. We were able to adjust for this non-invariance in order to more accurately model changes in the RBS-EC over time. Repetitive motor and self-directed behaviors showed a linear decline from 8 to 36 months, while higher-order behaviors showed a quadratic trajectory such that they began to decline later in development at around 18 months. Using adjusted factor scores as opposed to unadjusted raw mean scores provided a number of benefits, including increased within-person variability and precision. Conclusions The RBS-EC is sensitive enough to measure the presence of RRBs in a TD sample, as well as their decline with age. Using factor score estimates of each subscale adjusted for non-invariance allowed us to more precisely estimate change in these behaviors over time.

Researching transformative change over time

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Priscilla Alderson
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Personal Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Immanent Critique ◽  
First Moment ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 6 on the four stages of dialectical transformative change involves concepts of: absence as well as presence; difference versus actual transformative change; emergence of higher order things from lower order ones; immanent critique. With the four stages, the acronym MELD stands for first Moment, second Edge, third Level and fourth Dimension. The stages are considered in their benign/effective, malign/ineffective and mini versions. It is vital to start research with 1M’s intense in-depth study before intervening at 2E, then at 3L looking at the larger scene, and at 4D working on personal change. There is an overview of research from past to future, local to global. The detailed example applies MELD to research on improving care for children with allergies.

THRESHOLDS, NICHES AND INERTIA: ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE STEAMSHIP INDUSTRY

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 379-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREG CLYDESDALE
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Opportunity ◽  
Entrepreneurial Opportunities ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Niche Formation ◽  
Over Time

This paper seeks to increase understanding of the role the environment in the emergence of business opportunities, and how opportunities change as industries evolves. It explores the dynamics of entrepreneurial opportunity in the British steamship industry. It suggests niches are created when environmental thresholds are reached. Entrepreneurs who act before thresholds are reached fail. A complex relationship between inventors, innovators/entrepreneurs and higher order opportunities is revealed illustrating the difficulty of identifying 'higher order opportunities. Over time, variations in environmental forces changed niche size and carrying capacity. Causes of new niche formation were both exogenous and endogenous supporting both Kirzner and Schumpeter. Inertial forces inhibited the ability of existing players to seize opening niches and expanded opportunities for new comers.

scholarly journals Shifts in Higher-Order Unions and Stepfamilies Among Currently Cohabiting and Married Women of Childbearing Age

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1775-1799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Benjamin Guzzo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Never Married ◽  
The Past ◽  
Family Growth ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Shifts in union formation and childbearing have undoubtedly altered the prevalence and structure of higher-order unions and stepfamilies, but no study has examined trends over time. Comparing the 1988 and 2011-2013 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, I produce estimates of repartnering and stepfamily formation among currently partnered women aged 15 to 44 years. The percentage of intact unions that are remarriages stayed stable (around 27% to 28%), but a growing proportion of currently married and cohabiting women had another cohabiting partner in the past. The percentage of intact unions that are stepfamilies increased from 24% to 31%, with an increase in cohabiting stepfamilies from 19% to 39% of all stepfamilies. Furthermore, while the majority of remarriages are stepfamilies, the majority of women’s stepfamilies are no longer remarriages due to union formation among never-married parents. Cohabiting (but not marital) stepfamilies also exhibited changes in which partner had children and in shared childbearing.

scholarly journals Iris from the ground up: A modular foundation for higher-order concurrent separation logic

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALF JUNG ◽  
ROBBERT KREBBERS ◽  
JACQUES-HENRI JOURDAN ◽  
ALEŠ BIZJAK ◽  
LARS BIRKEDAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Separation Logic ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Proof Assistant ◽  
The Coq Proof Assistant ◽  
Coq Proof Assistant ◽  
Concurrent Separation Logic ◽  
Over Time

Iris is a framework for higher-order concurrent separation logic, which has been implemented in the Coq proof assistant and deployed very effectively in a wide variety of verification projects. Iris was designed with the express goal of simplifying and consolidating the foundations of modern separation logics, but it has evolved over time, and the design and semantic foundations of Iris itself have yet to be fully written down and explained together properly in one place. Here, we attempt to fill this gap, presenting a reasonably complete picture of the latest version of Iris (version 3.1), from first principles and in one coherent narrative.

scholarly journals Associations of Hearing Sensitivity, Higher-Order Auditory Processing, and Cognition Over Time in Middle-Aged Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha Merten ◽  
Mary E Fischer ◽  
Ted S Tweed ◽  
Monique M B Breteler ◽  
Karen J Cruickshanks
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Age-related hearing loss (impairment in hearing sensitivity and/or higher-order auditory processing) and cognitive decline are common co-occurring impairments in elderly adults. Their relation in the process of aging remains insufficiently understood. We aim to assess the temporal relations of decline in hearing sensitivity, higher-order auditory processing, and cognition in middle-aged adults. Methods This study included 1,274 Beaver Dam Offspring Study participants who participated in three examinations (baseline, 5-year, and 10-year follow-up). We assessed hearing sensitivity through pure-tone audiometry (PTA, averaged thresholds of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz of the better ear), higher-order auditory processing as word recognition in competing message (WRCM) using the Northwestern University 6 word list in the better ear, and cognition through trail-making test performance (TMT). Linear mixed-effects models and linear regression models were used to determine associations over time and to what extent these measures influence each other over time. Results The longitudinal decline between all functions was associated with the strongest relationships between PTA and WRCM. The effect of baseline PTA on WRCM 10 years later (standardized ß = –.30) was almost twice as big as the effect of baseline WRCM on PTA 10 years later (standardized ß = –.18). The effect of baseline WRCM on TMT 10 years later and vice versa were small (standardized ß = –.05). No directional relationship between PTA and TMT was identified (standardized ß ≤ .02). Conclusions While hearing sensitivity might affect higher-order auditory processing, associations between hearing and cognition appear bidirectional and weak in midlife. We need to be cautious before inferring causal effects of hearing on cognition.

scholarly journals Three recommendations based on a comparison of the reliability and validity of the predominant models used in research on the empirical structure of psychopathology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam K. Forbes ◽  
Ashley Lauren Greene ◽  
Holly Levin-Aspenson ◽  
Ashley L. Watts ◽  
Michael Hallquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Single Factor Model

The present study compared the primary models used in research on the structure of psychopathology (i.e., correlated factor, higher-order, and bifactor models) in terms of structural validity (model fit and factor reliability), longitudinal measurement invariance, concurrent and prospective predictive validity in relation to important outcomes, and longitudinal consistency in individuals’ factor score profiles. Two simpler operationalizations of a general factor of psychopathology were also examined—a single-factor model and a count of diagnoses. Models were estimated based on structured clinical interview diagnoses in two longitudinal waves of nationally representative data from the United States (n = 43,093 and n = 34,653). Models that included narrower factors (fear, distress, and externalizing) were needed to capture the observed multidimensionality of the data. In the correlated factor and higher-order models these narrower factors were reliable, largely invariant over time, had consistent associations with indicators of adaptive functioning, and had moderate stability within individuals over time. By contrast, the fear and distress specific factors in the bifactor model did not show good reliability or validity throughout the analyses. Notably, the general factor of psychopathology (p-factor) performed similarly well across tests of reliability and validity regardless of whether the higher-order or bifactor model was used; the simplest (single-factor) model was also comparable across most tests, with the exception of model fit. Given the limitations of categorical diagnoses, it will be important to repeat these analyses using dimensional measures. We conclude that when aiming to understand the structure and correlates of psychopathology it is important to: 1) look beyond model fit indices to choose between different models; 2) examine the reliability of latent variables directly; and 3) be cautious when isolating and interpreting the unique effects of specific psychopathology factors, regardless of which model is used.

scholarly journals Forms and Frames: Mind, Morality, and Trust in Robots across Prototypical Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Jaime Banks ◽  
Kevin Koban ◽  
Philippe Chauveau
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Social Robots ◽  
Social Robot ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Order Interaction ◽  
Play Interactions ◽  
Attitude Shift ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Formal Features

People often engage human-interaction schemas in human-robot interactions, so notions of prototypicality are useful in examining how interactions’ formal features shape perceptions of social robots. We argue for a typology of three higher-order interaction forms (social, task, play) comprising identifiable-but-variable patterns in agents, content, structures, outcomes, context, norms. From that ground, we examined whether participants’ judgments about a social robot (mind, morality, and trust perceptions) differed across prototypical interactions. Findings indicate interaction forms somewhat influence trust but not mind or morality evaluations. However, how participants perceived interactions (independent of form) were more impactful. In particular, perceived task interactions fostered functional trust, while perceived play interactions fostered moral trust and attitude shift over time. Hence, prototypicality in interactions should not consider formal properties alone but must also consider how people perceive interactions according to prototypical frames.

Young Children Learning with Logo: An Analysis of Strategies and Interactions

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Yelland
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Over Time

The present study used the screen version of Apple Logo to investigate the strategies and interactions of young children while they were engaged in Logo tasks. Eighteen children (mean age 7 years 6 months) completed Logo tasks individually and then in one of three gender pairs (girl/girl, boy/boy, and boy/girl). The results of the study indicted that there were differences in performance, based on gender, related to the consideration of three main variables; the number of moves made, time taken and the number of errors made. However, the nature of the differences changed over time and analyses of the strategies and interactions of the pairs indicated that in initial learning experiences the girls in the study were more careful and less likely to take risks to achieve the task goal than boys or boy/girl pairs working together. Additional examination of the interactions of the pairs suggested that the most successful, in terms of efficiency, were those pairs that applied higher order processes in the execution of the task consistently. The application of such processes was mediated by personality characteristics, such as caution, the desire to adhere to implicit task instructions, and fear of making mistakes.

Understanding industrialised house building as a company’s dynamic capabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Lars Stehn ◽  
Susanne Engström ◽  
Petri Uusitalo ◽  
Rita Lavikka
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Corporate Ability ◽  
House Building ◽  
Over Time

Purpose To further the understanding of industrialised house building (IHB) from a temporal, emergent corporate-ability perspective, this study aims to trace the build-up of corporate assets in an IHB company over time. The research draws on dynamic capabilities, acknowledging not only what assets the company have developed and currently are exploiting, but also how these assets were develop and managed (i.e. enhanced, combined, protected and potentially reconfigured) to sustain long-term competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach A case study design was used to form a narrative that covers the evolution of an IHB company over a 25-year period. Corporate archival material, analysis of original data from a large number of research studies during 1993-2013 and retrospective reflections of owners and managers, including crosschecking interpretations of archival material, developed and triangulated the narrative. Findings The study presents rich empirical findings on the build-up of corporate assets. Starting from a successive process of exploration and exploitation formation of dynamic capabilities eventually played out into an exponential dynamic capability build-up. The IHB case company displays the ability to not only continuously exploit and renew resources and competences, but also to sense, seize and reconfigure cumulative assets over time. The exponential development of dynamic capabilities resonates to literature on higher-order dynamic capabilities implying that: the accumulated and higher-order dynamic capabilities are difficult to imitate and a (any) company must possess higher-order dynamic capabilities to be able to exploit and/or take up IHB. Originality/value The study is complementing and potentially challenging frequent framings of the IHB concept. Previous research has addressed and characterised IHB mainly by encapsulating a moment in time and, thus, characteristics are momentary and represent static views on IHB. However, IHB has seen a strong development over the past 25 years, and the study reflects on this development from the perspective of one of the IHB-forerunner companies in Sweden. By exploring from a company perspective the developments, reconfiguration and capacity to develop/reconfigure over time in a changing environment, the study introduces an alternative understanding of IHB as dynamic capabilities.

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