The Relationship Between Culture, Geographic Region, and Gender on Body Image: A Comparison of College Students in the Southeast and Pacific Northwest Regions of the United States

Abstract Beliefs about love and jealousy can be variables that influence violence against women. The aim of our reproduction of a United States study was to compare our data with those of the original study regarding the acceptance of violence related to jealousy. A total of 264 college students participated in the study. They heard and assessed two audio recordings ("jealousy" and "no jealousy"), but half heard situations in which the husband beat his wife and half situations in which the husband does not beat his wife. After each audio recording, participants answered six questions, among them: "how much the husband loves his wife" and "how long would the relationship last". It was observed that, aggression, in the case of "no jealousy", showed to have a negative meaning both in the United States study and in the present study, which was not observed in the case of "jealousy". It may be concluded that violence against women is a cultural practice in Brazil and that social rules regarding male honor, female submission and jealousy exert influence on this practice.

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ACADEMIC WORDS AND GENDER

Studies in Second Language Acquisition ◽

10.1017/s0272263198001028 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 27-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Robin Scarcella ◽

Cheryl Zimmerman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Vocabulary Knowledge ◽

Esl Students ◽

Length Of Residence ◽

Sat Scores ◽

Educational Backgrounds ◽

And Gender ◽

The University ◽

The Relationship

This paper seeks to resolve certain questions pertaining to the relationship between gender and second language vocabulary knowledge. One question we examine is whether female and male ESL students at the University of California at Irvine differ significantly in their knowledge of academic vocabulary in English as measured by scores on the Test of Academic Lexicon (TAL). One hundred ninety-two freshman university ESL students participated in the study. A t test, used to investigate differences in the TAL scores of males and females, reveals that the males performed better on the TAL than the females (t = 3.32, p = .001). Analyses of covariance were used to examine questions pertaining to the effect of gender on the TAL, controlling for the possible effects of the students' verbal Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores, length of residence in the United States, and age of arrival in the United States. In all cases, gender remains significantly related to the results of the TAL when controlling for the other variable: for verbal SAT scores, F(1,181) = 5.86, p < .05; for length of residence, F(1,187) = 9.64, p < .01; and for age of arrival in the United States, F(1,185) = 10.22, p < .005. Neither the present study nor the gender literature reviewed suggests that gender itself causes differences in the TAL scores. In analyzing the results, we consider possible explanations for the males' better TAL scores related to reading habits, interactional styles, educational backgrounds, and cultures.

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Culture, Gender, and Assessment of Fear of Fatness

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.24.2.81 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 81-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Suman Ambwani ◽

Cortney S. Warren ◽

David H. Gleaves ◽

Antonio Cepeda-Benito ◽

Mari Carmen Fernandez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

College Students ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Measurement Equivalence ◽

The United States ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

American Women ◽

And Gender ◽

Fear Of Fat

To understand the relevance of the fear of fatness construct across culture and gender, we translated the Goldfarb Fear of Fat Scale (GFFS) and examined its psychometric properties in English and Spanish languages in a sample of Euro-American male (n = 111) and female (n = 100), and Spanish male (n = 114) and female (n = 544) college students in the United States and Spain. Confirmatory and exploratory analyses tested the measurement equivalence of the instrument across samples by gender and culture. Eight of the 10 items appeared to demonstrate measurement invariance. Mean comparisons on the eight-item version suggested that there was a gender by country interaction, with Euro-American women scoring substantially higher than the three other groups. Overall, these results highlight the need for additional examinations of cross-cultural instrument invariance and explorations of the fear of fatness construct.

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Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Body Image and Academic Outcomes Among Males Across the Lifecourse in the United States

10.31234/osf.io/uy3ds ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

A Hoffer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Body Image ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Academic Outcomes ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Predominantly Female ◽

The Relationship ◽

Socioemotional Outcomes

Body image is emerging as a multi-faceted and complex topic in developmental science. A sizeable body of literature has demonstrated effects of body image on disordered eating and socioemotional outcomes. However, very few studies have attempted to explore the relationship between body image and academic outcomes. Additionally, much of the research in body image has been conducted with predominantly female samples. Moreover, body image measures are inconsistent and often biased toward female body standards, raising the question of how relevant these measures are for male populations. Thus, this systematic review has the following objectives: (1) determine what the relationship is between body image and academic outcomes for boys; (2) determine what moderates that relationship, focusing on variables of age and measurement. This study will be registered using PsyArXiv.

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Career plans and gender-role attitudes of college students in the United States, Japan, and Slovenia

Sex Roles ◽

10.1007/bf00289426 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 29 (5-6) ◽

pp. 317-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Yasuko Morinaga ◽

Irene Hanson Frieze ◽

Anuska Ferligoj

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

College Students ◽

Gender Role ◽

Gender Role Attitudes ◽

The United States ◽

Career Plans ◽

And Gender

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Examination of Cultural and Gender Similarities and Differences among Canadian and U.S. College Students on a Measure of Manifest Anxiety

Higher Education Studies ◽

10.5539/hes.v8n3p94 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Patricia A. Lowe

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

College Students ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Mental Health Professionals ◽

The United States ◽

Student Population ◽

Anxiety Scale ◽

And Gender ◽

Manifest Anxiety

A measurement invariance study was conducted among 1,344 college students from Canada and the United States on an anxiety measure specifically designed for the college student population to determine whether the construct of anxiety was equivalent across country (Canada, United States) and gender. In addition, country and gender differences were examined on the anxiety measure. The Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-College Version (AMAS-C) was administered to the college students online. The AMAS-C consists of four anxiety (Physiological Anxiety, Social Concerns/Stress, Test Anxiety, and Worry/Oversensitivity) subscales, a Total Anxiety scale, and a Lie scale. Results of tests of measurement invariance found the construct of anxiety equivalent across country and gender and latent mean analyses found gender differences, but no country differences, on the AMAS-C anxiety factors. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals, educational practitioners, and current and future researchers who work with or who will work with the undergraduate student population in Canada are discussed.

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Commonly Reported Problems in Middle-School Children

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1994.78.3c.1283 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 78 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1283-1286

Author(s):

Vidyavathi Vara ◽

I. W. Kelly

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Middle School ◽

School Children ◽

Age Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Middle School Children ◽

Common Problems ◽

And Gender ◽

The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between common problems reported and gender for 139 middle-school children (Grades 7, 8, and 9) in Saskatchewan. Students were asked to describe in writing “a problem that has bothered you during the previous month.” For boys, the order of reported problems in terms of frequency was parents, school, friends, and siblings. For girls, the order differed, with friend-related problems reported most often, then parents, siblings, and school-related problems reported least often. These findings are consistent with those found in the same age groups of middle-school children in the United States.

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Rape Myth Acceptance Among College Students in the United States, Japan, and India

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/2158244016675015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 215824401667501 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tamara Stephens ◽

Akiko Kamimura ◽

Niwako Yamawaki ◽

Haimanti Bhattacharya ◽

Wenjing Mo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

College Students ◽

Sexual Assault ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Help Seeking ◽

The United States ◽

Rape Myth Acceptance ◽

Rape Myth ◽

And Gender ◽

Myth Acceptance

Rape myth acceptance is an important determinant of sexual assault behaviors. This study explored country and gender differences in rape myth acceptance among undergraduate students in the United States, Japan, and India. Male and female college students ( N = 637) in these three countries participated in a self-administered survey in the fall of 2012 (the United States, n = 206; Japan, n = 215; and India, n = 216). The order of the countries arranged in increasing order of likelihood of disbelieving rape claim was as follows: the United States, Japan, and India. U.S. and Japanese students were less likely to disbelieve rape claims ( p < .01) while U.S. students also were less likely to believe that victims are responsible for rape ( p < .01). Overall, female participants were less likely to believe in the rape myth acceptance, disbelief of rape claim and victims are responsible for rape ( p < .05). Acceptance of rape myth also varied by whether a participant knew about an organization or who do not believe they would seek help for sexual assault. Non-help seeking is associated with rape myth acceptance. This study, which used the same survey and data collection methods, provides comparative information on rape myth acceptance among college students in the United States, Japan, and India, which is not otherwise available, and contributes to providing fundamental knowledge to develop country-specific prevention programs.

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The Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance Is Higher among Bovine than Human Salmonellaenterica Serotype Newport, Typhimurium, and 4,5,12:i:− Isolates in the United States but Differs by Serotype and Geographic Region

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00377-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (17) ◽

pp. 5947-5959 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

K. Hoelzer ◽

Y. Soyer ◽

L. D. Rodriguez-Rivera ◽

K. J. Cummings ◽

P. L. McDonough ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Variable Number ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Animal Populations

ABSTRACT Salmonella represents an important zoonotic pathogen worldwide, but the transmission dynamics between humans and animals as well as within animal populations are incompletely understood. We characterized Salmonella isolates from cattle and humans in two geographic regions of the United States, the Pacific Northwest and the Northeast, using three common subtyping methods (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis [MLVA], and multilocus sequence typing [MLST]). In addition, we analyzed the distribution of antimicrobial resistance among human and cattle Salmonella isolates from the two study areas and characterized Salmonella persistence on individual dairy farms. For both Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Newport and Typhimurium, we found multidrug resistance to be significantly associated with bovine origin of isolates, with the odds of multidrug resistance for Newport isolates from cattle approximately 18 times higher than for Newport isolates from humans. Isolates from the Northwest were significantly more likely to be multidrug resistant than those from the Northeast, and susceptible and resistant isolates appeared to represent distinct Salmonella subtypes. We detected evidence for strain diversification during Salmonella persistence on farms, which included changes in antimicrobial resistance as well as genetic changes manifested in PFGE and MLVA pattern shifts. While discriminatory power was serotype dependent, the combination of PFGE data with either MLVA or resistance typing data consistently allowed for improved subtype discrimination. Our results are consistent with the idea that cattle are an important reservoir of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections in humans. In addition, the study provides evidence for the value of including antimicrobial resistance data in epidemiological investigations and highlights the benefits and potential problems of combining subtyping methods.

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