Globalization, competitive advantages and the evolution of production systems: rural food processing and localized agri-food systems in Latin-American countries

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AR) is a worldwide concern. Up to a 160% increase in antibiotic usage in food animals is expected in Latin American countries. The poultry industry is an increasingly important segment of food production and contributor to AR. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, AR patterns and the characterization of relevant resistance genes in Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC E. coli from large poultry farms in Ecuador. Sampling was performed from June 2013 to July 2014 in 6 slaughterhouses that slaughter broilers from 115 farms totaling 384 flocks. Each sample of collected caeca was streaked onto TBX agar supplemented with cefotaxime (3 mg/l). In total, 176 isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance patterns by the disk diffusion method and for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaCMY, blaSHV, blaKPC, and mcr-1 by PCR and sequencing. ESBL and AmpC E. coli were found in 362 flocks (94.3%) from 112 farms (97.4%). We found that 98.3% of the isolates were multi-resistant to antibiotics. Low resistance was observed for ertapenem and nitrofurantoin. The most prevalent ESBL genes were the blaCTX-M (90.9%) blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-3 alleles. Most of the AmpC strains presented the blaCMY-2 gene. Three isolates showed the mcr-1 gene. Poultry production systems represent a hotspot for antimicrobial resistance in Ecuador, possibly mediated by the extensive use of antibiotics. Monitoring this sector in national and regional plans of antimicrobial resistance surveillance should therefore be considered.

Download Full-text

Land use and spatial justice in Latin American countries: lessons for Ukraine

Economy and Forecasting ◽

10.15407/econforecast2020.04.082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (4) ◽

pp. 82-96

Author(s):

Olena Borodina ◽

◽

Oksana Mikhailenko ◽

Oleksiy Fraer ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Development ◽

Latin American ◽

Land Tenure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Food Systems ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

Free Access ◽

Land Resources ◽

Destructive Effect ◽

Latin American Countries

The article summarizes the experience of Latin American countries in the field of transforming land relations from the point of view of social justice, forming the necessary space for the livelihood of peasants, ensuring their economic sovereignty and so on. It has been proved that free access to the land resources and control over them largely determine the overall potential of the development of rural areas and the social development of the country as a whole. Studies have revealed persistent trends towards biased land distribution in the Global South and over-concentration in the hands of dominant groups and large agricultural enterprises. It has a strong destructive effect on the overall development of the countries in the region and is reflected in unequal spatial development, systematic infringement of the rights of peasants, limiting employment growth, spreading poverty, destruction of social cohesion, destabilization of food systems at the local, national and global levels, emergence of armed conflicts, etc. The general threats of changes in land tenure and use in Ukraine related to the tendency to redistribute land resources in favor of the corporate sector, land over-concentration and landlessness of peasants are outlined; a number of factors contributing to the unbalanced distribution of land were identified, and the necessity of including the lessons of Latin American countries in the future social development of Ukraine, in the long term is substantiated.

Download Full-text

Value and quality creation: natural resources, industrialization and standards of living in peru 1950 to 1997

Cuadernos de difusión ◽

10.46631/jefas.1999.n9-10.05 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 69-123

Author(s):

Santiago Roca ◽

◽

Luis Simabuko ◽

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Policy ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Latin American ◽

Washington Consensus ◽

Competitive Advantages ◽

Industrial Policies ◽

Standards Of Living ◽

Latin American Countries

Peru”s recent economic policy, like that of most Latin American countries! has followed the paradigm of the socalled “Washington Consensus”. Such paradigm precludes the implementation of “strategic” industrial policies as well as the active and deliberate construction of competitive advantages through measures that foster certain sectors or activities. “Washington-Consensus” thinkers hold that the “magic of the market” and its indiscriminate opening will allow countries to acquire the necessary long-term external competitiveness, promote economic growth and enhance standards of living, regardless of the country”s productive specialization.

Download Full-text

SPANISH INVESTMENT IN LATIN AMERICA IN THE FACE OF NEW CHALLENGES

Cuadernos Iberoamericanos ◽

10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-56-61 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 56-61

Author(s):

T. . Sidorenko

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Competitive Advantages ◽

Crisis Period ◽

The Face ◽

New Challenges ◽

Latin American Countries

The article analyzes the main directions of expansion and location of Spanish multinationals in the economies of Latin America in the late XX - early XXI centuries. Particular attention is paid to the identification of the competitive advantages of Spanish companies, which would allow them to strengthen their position in the markets of Latin American countries in the post-crisis period.

Download Full-text

U.S. Foreign Direct Investment in Food Processing Industries of Latin American Countries: A Dynamic Approach*

Review of Agricultural Economics ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9353.2005.00234.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 394-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anatoliy Skripnitchenko ◽

Won W. Koo

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Latin American ◽

Food Processing ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Dynamic Approach ◽

Latin American Countries

Download Full-text

Land use and spatial justice in Latin American countries: lessons for Ukraine

Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ ◽

10.15407/eip2020.04.087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (4) ◽

pp. 87-102

Author(s):

Olena Borodina ◽

◽

Oksana Mikhailenko ◽

Oleksiy Fraer ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Development ◽

Latin American ◽

Land Tenure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Food Systems ◽

Armed Conflicts ◽

Free Access ◽

Land Resources ◽

Destructive Effect ◽

Latin American Countries

The article summarizes the experience of Latin American countries in the field of transforming land relations from the point of view of social justice, forming the necessary space for the livelihood of peasants, ensuring their economic sovereignty and so on. It has been proved that free access to the land resources and control over them largely determine the overall potential of the development of rural areas and the social development of the country as a whole. Studies have revealed persistent trends towards biased land distribution in the Global South and over-concentration in the hands of dominant groups and large agricultural enterprises. It has a strong destructive effect on the overall development of the countries in the region and is reflected in unequal spatial development, systematic infringement of the rights of peasants, limiting employment growth, spreading poverty, destruction of social cohesion, destabilization of food systems at the local, national and global levels, emergence of armed conflicts, etc. The general threats of changes in land tenure and use in Ukraine related to the tendency to redistribute land resources in favor of the corporate sector, land over-concentration and landlessness of peasants are outlined; a number of factors contributing to the unbalanced distribution of land were identified, and the necessity of including the lessons of Latin American countries in the future social development of Ukraine, in the long term is substantiated.

Download Full-text

Modelo Comparativo de Índices Financieros, para la Evaluación de Compañías Comparables en Latinoamérica (A inancial index comparison model to evaluate management performance in similar latin american companies)

TEC Empresarial ◽

10.18845/te.v7i1.1329 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Sebastián Murillo Pérez ◽

Seth Francisco Ruiz Campos ◽

Jorge Benavides Chacón

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Profit Margin ◽

Business Strategies ◽

Competitive Advantages ◽

Management Performance ◽

The Core ◽

Comparison Model ◽

Financial Index ◽

Index Comparison ◽

Latin American Countries

En nuestra realidad mundial, lacompetitividad es de máxima trascendencia paranuestras compañías, e incluso para los países.Esto es muy fácil afirmarlo, pero lo que sugiereen el fondo es que ya no es suficiente el manejodel desempeño, año a año, de la empresa, sino quees necesaria la comparación con otras empresasdedicadas a la misma actividad, con el fin deidentificar deficiencias o ventajas competitivas,para ajustar las estrategias del negocio. El actualartículo tiene la más alta relevancia en este tema,ya que presenta un modelo de comparación deíndices financieros mediante los cuales los paíseslatinoamericanos podrían compararse con otrosmercados. Los autores se dedicaron a la tarea derecopilar información disponible de países dela Eurozona para compararla con la de un paísde Latinoamérica, lo que ayudaría a definir, porejemplo, el nivel utilizado de recursos empresariales(activos, recursos de capital) o el margen deganancia esperado. A partir de lo anterior, el modelopuede ser usado por cualquier sector empresarial. ABSTRACTCompetitiveness is of the utmost importancefor companies and even countries in contemporaryglobal reality. Although easy to say, the core of thematter suggests that nowadays it is not enoughto manage performance on a year to year basis,but it is also necessary to compare it with othercompanies in the same course of business in orderto identify competitive advantages or deficiencies,and adjust business strategies accordingly. Thisarticle is highly relevant for this subject as itpresents a financial index comparison modelthrough which Latin American countries cancompare themselves to other markets. The authorscompiled information available for the Euro zonecountries in order to compare it to any LatinAmerican country, which could, for instance,be used to establish the level of entrepreneurialresources used (assets, capital resources), or theexpected profit margin, based on which the modelcan be applied by any entrepreneurial sector.

Download Full-text

Test Use in Spain, Portugal and Latin American Countries

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.15.2.151 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 151-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

José Muñiz ◽

Gerardo Prieto ◽

Leandro Almeida ◽

Dave Bartram

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Task Force ◽

Test Construction ◽

European Federation ◽

Psychometric Characteristics ◽

Testing Practices ◽

Professional Psychologists ◽

Test Use ◽

Latin American Countries

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.

Download Full-text