Research of the boundary structure for the bimetal compound steel 08Kh18N10T + vanadium VnPl-1 + titanium VT1-0 at the influence of explosion energy

The purpose of the work is to establish the main causes of defects by ultrasonic testing (UST) of experimental forgings made of high-alloyed austenitic steel 08Kh18N10T on the basis of comprehensive comparative studies of samples of defective and suitable forgings. Techniques. Chemical analysis of forgings was performed on a high-sensitivity spectrometer "SPECTROMAX" company "SPECTRO", Germany; studies of macro- and microstructure (liquation heterogeneity, grain boundary structure, non-metallic inclusions, excess phases, etc.) were carried by the methods: metallographic and electron microscopic with micro-X-ray spectral analysis; tests of forgings for durability against intergranular corrosion (IGC) were carried out by the methods of AMU, GOST 6032. Results. It was established that experimental forgings rejected by UZK, in contrast to suitable forgings, were characterized by: the presence of areas of liquation inhomogeneity of steel, including high content of δ-ferrite; local defects of the macrostructure in the form of flocs; areas with anomalous multi-grained microstructure with a grain size of –2 to 8 points according to GOST 5639; release of chromium carbides at the boundaries of austenitic grains; susceptibility to intergranular corrosion (ICC). All forgings contained non-metallic inclusions within the permissible limits according to GOST 1778, as well as titanium carbides. Scientific novelty. For the first time on the basis of complex researches it is proved that the main reason of unsatisfactory results of UZK of experimental forgings from high-alloyed austenitic steel, is the anomalous multigrain structure connected with the unstable temperature-deformation mode of forging of ingots. Practical significance. Recommendations for improving the structure and improving the quality characteristics of industrial forgings made of high-alloy austenitic steels in terms of industrial production have been developed.

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Two Investigations into Grain Boundary Structure

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080833 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 688-691

Author(s):

P. Humble

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundary ◽

Dark Field ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Boundary Dislocation ◽

Bright Field ◽

Intrinsic Structure ◽

Weak Beam ◽

Grain Boundary Structure ◽

Independent Information ◽

Diffraction Patterns

There has been sustained interest over the last few years into both the intrinsic (primary and secondary) structure of grain boundaries and the extrinsic structure e.g. the interaction of matrix dislocations with the boundary. Most of the investigations carried out by electron microscopy have involved only the use of information contained in the transmitted image (bright field, dark field, weak beam etc.). Whilst these imaging modes are appropriate to the cases of relatively coarse intrinsic or extrinsic grain boundary dislocation structures, it is apparent that in principle (and indeed in practice, e.g. (1)-(3)) the diffraction patterns from the boundary can give extra independent information about the fine scale periodic intrinsic structure of the boundary.In this paper I shall describe one investigation into each type of structure using the appropriate method of obtaining the necessary information which has been carried out recently at Tribophysics.

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Finding the Right Problems: Some HREM Applications to Interfaces

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111938 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 376-379

Author(s):

D. Cherns

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundaries ◽

High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Atomic Structures ◽

Grain Boundary Structure ◽

Resolution Electron ◽

Point To Point ◽

The Right ◽

New Generation ◽

Better Than

The use of high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) to determine the atomic structure of grain boundaries and interfaces is a topic of great current interest. Grain boundary structure has been considered for many years as central to an understanding of the mechanical and transport properties of materials. Some more recent attention has focussed on the atomic structures of metalsemiconductor interfaces which are believed to control electrical properties of contacts. The atomic structures of interfaces in semiconductor or metal multilayers is an area of growing interest for understanding the unusual electrical or mechanical properties which these new materials possess. However, although the point-to-point resolutions of currently available HREMs, ∼2-3Å, appear sufficient to solve many of these problems, few atomic models of grain boundaries and interfaces have been derived. Moreover, with a new generation of 300-400kV instruments promising resolutions in the 1.6-2.0 Å range, and resolutions better than 1.5Å expected from specialist instruments, it is an appropriate time to consider the usefulness of HREM for interface studies.

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Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100105060 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 600-601

Author(s):

D.R. Rasmussen ◽

N.-H. Cho ◽

C.B. Carter

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundaries ◽

Lower Energy ◽

Antiphase Boundary ◽

The Other ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Interface Plane ◽

Inversion Symmetry ◽

High Angle ◽

Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

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High-resolution EM study of submicrometer-grained Al-Mg solid solution alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100138993 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 524-525

Author(s):

Z. Horita ◽

D. J. Smith ◽

M. Furukawa ◽

M. Nemoto ◽

R. Z. Valiev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Solid Solution ◽

High Resolution ◽

Grain Boundaries ◽

Energy State ◽

High Energy ◽

Grain Structure ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Solid Solution Alloy ◽

Average Grain Size

It is possible to produce metallic materials with submicrometer-grained (SMG) structures by imposing an intense plastic strain under quasi-hydrostatic pressure. Studies using conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) showed that many grain boundaries in the SMG structures appeared diffuse in nature with poorly defined transition zones between individual grains. The implication of the CTEM observations is that the grain boundaries of the SMG structures are in a high energy state, having non-equilibrium character. It is anticipated that high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) will serve to reveal a precise nature of the grain boundary structure in SMG materials. A recent study on nanocrystalline Ni and Ni3Al showed lattice distortion and dilatations in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. In this study, HREM observations are undertaken to examine the atomic structure of grain boundaries in an SMG Al-based Al-Mg alloy.An Al-3%Mg solid solution alloy was subjected to torsion straining to produce an equiaxed grain structure with an average grain size of ~0.09 μm.

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Formation process of periodic non-conservative antiphase boundary structure in L-Pd5Ce

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100173947 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 162-163

Author(s):

Masaru Itakura ◽

Noriyuki Kuwano ◽

Kensuke Oki

Keyword(s):

Formation Process ◽

Domain Size ◽

Antiphase Boundary ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Temperature Phase ◽

Arc Melting ◽

Iced Water ◽

Antiphase Domains ◽

Low Temperature Phase ◽

Degree Of Order

The low temperature phase of Pd5Ce (L-Pd5Ce) has a one-dimensional long period superstructure (1D-LPS) derived from Ll2. The periodic antiphase boundaries (APBs) are parallel to (110) planes and have a shift vector of 1/2[110]. Hereafter, the indices are referred to the basic lattices of Ll2 As insertion of the APB causes a change in composition, such an APB is called “non-conservative”. Then, a domain size M depends upon the Ce concentration in the alloy. It was found that M increases also with temperature. The temperature dependency of M is attributed to a change of the degree of order within the antiphase domains. In this work, morphology of the non-conservative APBs is observed to clarify the formation process of the 1D-LPS.The alloy of Pd-16.7 at%Ce was prepared by arc melting in argon atmosphere. Disc specimens made from the alloy ingot were first held at 985 K for 260 ks and quenched in iced water to obtain the state of M=∞ or Ll2, followed by annealing for various lengths of time. The annealing temperature was 873 K where the equilibrium value for M is about 3 in unit of (110) lattice spacing of Ll2. Observation was carried out using microscopes JEM-2000FX, JEM-4000EX (HVEM Lab., Kyushu Univ.) and JEM-2000EX (Dept. of Mater. Sci. Tech., Kyushu Univ.).

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Twin boundary structure of a Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100152811 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 168-169

Author(s):

Yimei Zhu ◽

Masaki Suenaga ◽

R. L. Sabatini ◽

Youwen Xu

Keyword(s):

Twin Boundary ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Fine Powder ◽

Orthorhombic Phase ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Crystallographic Axis ◽

System A ◽

High Resolution Structure ◽

Electron Microscopes

The (110) twin structure of YBa2Cu3O7 superconductor oxide, which is formed to reduce the strain energy of the tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transformation by alternating the a-b crystallographic axis across the boundary, was extensively investigated. Up to now the structure of the twin boundary still remained unclear. In order to gain insight into the nature of the twin boundary in Y-Ba-Cu-O system, a study using electron diffraction techniques including optical and computed diffractograms, as well as high resolution structure imaging techniques with corresponding computer simulation and processing was initiated.Bulk samples of Y-Ba-Cu-O oxide were prepared as described elsewhere. TEM specimens were produced by crushing bulk samples into a fine powder, dispersing the powder in acetone, and suspending the fine particles on a holey carbon grid. The electron microscopy during this study was performed on both a JEOL 2000EX and 2000FX electron microscopes operated at 200 kV.

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Precipitation on Low Angle Boundaries in Al-Zn-Mg

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600001574 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 374-375

Author(s):

Diane M. Vanderwalker

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundaries ◽

High Strength ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Aircraft Industry ◽

Precipitate Free Zone ◽

High Angle ◽

Adjacent Region ◽

Free Zone ◽

Widespread Interest

There is a widespread interest in understanding the properties of Al-base alloys so that progress can be made toward extending their present applications in the aircraft industry. Al-Zn-Mg is precipitation hardened to gain its high strength; however, during aging the formation of heterogeneous precipitates on the grain boundaries creates a precipitate-free zone in the adjacent region. Since high angle grain boundaries are not easily characterized, it is difficult to establish a relationship between the precipitate and the boundary structure. Therefore, this study involves precipitation on low angle grain boundaries where the boundary and the precipitate can be fully analyzed.

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Relationships Between Grain Boundary Structure and Material Properties

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600001550 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 366-369

Author(s):

Brian Ralph ◽

Barlow Claire ◽

Nicola Ecob

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundary ◽

Material Properties ◽

Main Property ◽

Grain Structure ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Grain Boundary Structure ◽

Property Changes

This brief review seeks to summarize some of the main property changes which may be induced by altering the grain structure of materials. Where appropriate an interpretation is given of these changes in terms of current theories of grain boundary structure, and some examples from current studies are presented at the end of this paper.

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