The role of apolipoprotein E in uptake of atovaquone into the brain in murine acute and reactivated toxoplasmosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hend M. Shubar ◽  
Ildiko R. Dunay ◽  
Sabrina Lachenmaier ◽  
Margitta Dathe ◽  
Faris Nadiem Bushrab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein E Antibodies Affect the Retention of Passive Avoidance Memory in the Chick

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lancashire ◽  
Radmila Mileusnic ◽  
Steven P.R. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Brain Distribution ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Avoidance Memory

Isoforms of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) have been implicated as risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease. We have, therefore, examined the possible role of ApoE in memory formation, using a one-trial passive avoidance task in day-old chicks. Birds were trained on the task and then at various times pre or post-training were injected intracerebrally with anti-ApoE. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated the presence of the antibody bound to the neuropil, close to the injection site and adjacent to the ventricle, with a residence time in the brain of up to 30 min. Chicks that were injected 30 min pre-training or just post-training with 5μg/ hemisphere of the antibody learned the task, but were amnesic when tested at 30 min or at subsequent times up to 24 hr Post-training. When tested at 24 hr, birds injected 5.5 hr post-training showed unimpaired retention. Birds injected with 5μg/hemisphere of anti-ApoA-I (which has a brain distribution similar to that of anti-ApoE) at 30 min pretraining showed no amnesia, indicating the specificity of the effect to the ApoE. Possible mechanisms for this effect are discussed.

scholarly journals Delayed, but Marked, Expression of Apolipoprotein E is Involved in Tissue Clearance after Cerebral Infarction

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1199-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Kitagawa ◽  
Masayasu Matsumoto ◽  
Keisuke Kuwabara ◽  
Toshiho Ohtsuki ◽  
Masatsugu Hori
Keyword(s):  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Focal Ischemia ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Apoe Protein ◽  
Apoe Knockout Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Apoe Expression

Clearance of infarct tissue would be an important process for tissue repair after a stroke. Delayed clearance may hamper reconstitution of the blood–brain barrier and glial boundary formation. Recent growing evidence has indicated that apolipoprotein E (APOE), a major apoprotein, plays an important role in lipid transport and homeostasis in the brain. The tissue in the infarction contains abundant lipids must be removed for tissue clearance. In the current study, the authors investigated APOE expression after focal ischemia and the functional role of APOE in tissue clearance using APOE-knockout mice. Expression of APOE was delayed, but marked, in immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting 7 days after permanent focal ischemia. Macrophages were found to express APOE in the infarct center. Infarct size was similar after focal ischemia between wild-type and APOE-knockout mice, although there was no APOE protein expression in knockout mice. However, clearance of infarct tissue 2 weeks after ischemia was significantly delayed in APOE-knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. The current study supports current thinking that APOE is a key molecule for tissue remodeling in the brain. Clearance of damaged tissue may be one of the important functions of APOE in the brain.

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein E levels in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex predict relative regional brain volumes in irradiated Rhesus macaques

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Payel Kundu ◽  
Benjamin Zimmerman ◽  
Ruby Perez ◽  
Christopher T. Whitlow ◽  
J. Mark Cline ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn the brain, apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in lipid transport and response to environmental and age-related challenges, including neuronal repair following injury. While much has been learned from radiation studies in rodents, a gap in our knowledge is how radiation might affect the brain in primates. This is important for assessing risk to the brain following radiotherapy as part of cancer treatment or environmental radiation exposure as part of a nuclear accident, bioterrorism, or a nuclear attack. In this study, we investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on brain volumes and apoE levels in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of Rhesus macaques that were part of the Nonhuman Primate Radiation Survivor Cohort at the Wake Forest University. This unique cohort is composed of Rhesus macaques that had previously received single total body doses of 6.5–8.05 Gy of ionizing radiation. Regional apoE levels predicted regional volume in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. In addition, apoE levels in the amygdala, but not the hippocampus, strongly predicted relative hippocampal volume. Finally, radiation dose negatively affected relative hippocampal volume when apoE levels in the amygdala were controlled for, suggesting a protective compensatory role of regional apoE levels following radiation exposure. In a supplementary analysis, there also was a robust positive relationship between the neuroprotective protein α-klotho and apoE levels in the amygdala, further supporting the potentially protective role of apoE. Increased understanding of the effects of IR in the primate brain and the role of apoE in the irradiated brain could inform future therapies to mitigate the adverse effects of IR on the CNS.

Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol metabolism and Alzheimer’s pathology

Neuroforum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Theresa Pohlkamp
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Apoe Isoforms ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Alzheimer’S Pathology ◽  
Lipid Transporter ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAge is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Today, due to an increase in global life expectancy, AD-related deaths are ranked as the sixth most common cause of death. The allele isoform ɛ4 of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) is the most important genetic risk factor for AD. Three ApoE isoforms are common in humans: ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. ApoE3 is the most frequent isoform and considered neutral with regards to AD, whereas the isoform ApoE2 is protective. Thus it is important to understand how ApoE isoforms affect amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau toxicity, the key drivers of AD pathology. Aβ and tau accumulate to form the hallmarks of AD, plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively. ApoE, primarily expressed by astrocytes, is the major lipid transporter in the brain. In this review I summarize some important historic and scientific aspects of our progress in understanding the role of the cholesterol transporter ApoE in the brain, and how the isoform ApoE4 contributes to AD pathology.

The Role of Mitochondria in the Genesis of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in the Brains of Aging Mice

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
J.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽  
Nucleus Gracilis ◽  
Dystrophic Axons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nucleus Cuneatus

Although neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) has been examined by light and electron microscopy for years, the nature of the components in the dystrophic axons is not well understood. The present report examines nucleus gracilis and cuneatus (the dorsal column nuclei) in the brain stem of aging mice.Mice (C57BL/6J) were sacrificed by aldehyde perfusion at ages ranging from 3 months to 23 months. Several brain areas and parts of other organs were processed for electron microscopy.At 3 months of age, very little evidence of NAD can be discerned by light microscopy. At the EM level, a few axons are found to contain dystrophic material. By 23 months of age, the entire nucleus gracilis is filled with dystrophic axons. Much less NAD is seen in nucleus cuneatus by comparison. The most recurrent pattern of NAD is an enlarged profile, in the center of which is a mass of reticulated material (reticulated portion; or RP).

Fibrinolytic Activity of Cerebro-Spinal Fluid and the Development of Artificial Cerebral Haematomas in Dogs

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Mihara ◽  
T Fujii ◽  
S Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Trans Form ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fibrin Plate ◽  
The Brain

SummaryBlood was injected into the brains of dogs to produce artificial haematomas, and paraffin injected to produce intracerebral paraffin masses. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood samples were withdrawn at regular intervals and their fibrinolytic activities estimated by the fibrin plate method. Trans-form aminomethylcyclohexane-carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA) was administered to some individuals. Genera] relationships were found between changes in CSF fibrinolytic activity, area of tissue damage and survival time. t-AMCHA was clearly beneficial to those animals given a programme of administration. Tissue activator was extracted from the brain tissue after death or sacrifice for haematoma examination. The possible role of tissue activator in relation to haematoma development, and clinical implications of the results, are discussed.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum: novel concept of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Devic’s disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (46) ◽  
pp. 2101-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Csécsei ◽  
Anita Trauninger ◽  
Sámuel Komoly ◽  
Zsolt Illés
Keyword(s):  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
The Brain

The identification of autoantibodies generated against the brain isoform water channel aquaporin4 in the sera of patients, changed the current diagnostic guidelines and concept of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). In a number of cases, clinical manifestation is spatially limited to myelitis or relapsing optic neuritis creating a diverse. NMO spectrum. Since prevention of relapses provides the only possibility to reduce permanent disability, early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory. In the present study, we discuss the potential role of neuroimaging and laboratory tests in differentiating the NMO spectrum from other diseases, as well as the diagnostic procedures and therapeutic options. We also present clinical cases, to provide examples of different clinical settings, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic decisions.

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