Composting of Night Soil and Horse Manure with Leaves as Organic Substrate

Abstract The use of flip chip technology inside component packaging, so called flip chip in package (FCIP), is an increasingly common package type in the semiconductor industry because of high pin-counts, performance and reliability. Sample preparation methods and flows which enable physical failure analysis (PFA) of FCIP are thus in demand to characterize defects in die with these package types. As interconnect metallization schemes become more dense and complex, access to the backside silicon of a functional device also becomes important for fault isolation test purposes. To address these requirements, a detailed PFA flow is described which chronicles the sample preparation methods necessary to isolate a physical defect in the die of an organic-substrate FCIP.

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Dynamics of phosphorus and organic substrates in anaerobic and aerobic phases of a sequencing batch reactor

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0274 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 237-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A. Carucci ◽

M. Majone ◽

R. Ramadori ◽

S. Rossetti

Keyword(s):

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

General Assumption ◽

Organic Substrate ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Phosphate Removal ◽

Substrate Uptake ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Polyphosphate Metabolism

This paper describes a lab-scale experimentation carried out to study enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The synthetic feed used was based on peptone and glucose as organic substrate to simulate the readily biodegradable fraction of a municipal wastewater (Wentzel et al., 1991). The experimental work was divided into two runs, each characterized by different operating conditions. The phosphorus removal efficiency was considerably higher in the absence of competition for organic substrate between P-accumulating and denitrifying bacteria. The activated sludge consisted mainly of peculiar microorganisms recently described by Cech and Hartman (1990) and called “G bacteria”. The results obtained seem to be inconsistent with the general assumption that the G bacteria are characterized by anaerobic substrate uptake not connected with any polyphosphate metabolism. Supplementary anaerobic batch tests utilizing glucose, peptone and acetate as organic substrates show that the role of acetate in the biochemical mechanisms promoting EBPR may not be so essential as it has been assumed till now.

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Phosphorus Release Kinetics in Biofilm Reactors

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1992.0436 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 26 (3-4) ◽

pp. 567-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. A. Ruiz-Treviño ◽

S. González-Martínez ◽

C. Doria-Serrano ◽

M. Hernández-Esparza

Keyword(s):

Phosphorus Removal ◽

Release Kinetics ◽

Phosphorus Release ◽

Organic Substrate ◽

Biofilm Reactor ◽

Substrate Uptake ◽

Biofilm Reactors ◽

Initial Substrate ◽

Linear Behaviour ◽

Substrate Concentrations

This paper presents the kinetic analysis, using Generalized Power-Law equations to describe the results of an experimental investigation conducted on a batch submerged biofilm reactor for phosphorus removal under an anaerobic/aerobic cycle. The observed rates and amounts of phosphorus release and organic substrate uptake in the anaerobic phase leads to a kinetic model in which these two variables are dependent on each other with a non-linear behaviour and reach equilibrium values in both cases, at different times and are function of rate constants ratio. The model has a good fit with experimental data except for C uptake at anaerobic contact times longer than four hours, where other kinetics are implied. Kinetic parameters were obtained with different initial substrate concentrations, anaerobic contact cycles, and type of substrates.

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Biological sulfate removal in an acidogenic bioreactor with an ultrafiltration membrane system

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0709 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (4-5) ◽

pp. 513-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O. Mizuno ◽

H. Takagi ◽

T. Noike

Keyword(s):

Sulfate Reduction ◽

Membrane Filtration ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Membrane System ◽

Organic Substrate ◽

Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽

Sulfate Concentration ◽

Sulfate Removal ◽

Chemostat Reactor

The biological sulfate removal in the acidogenic bioreactor with an ultrafiltration membrane system was investigated at 35°C. Sucrose was used as the sole organic substrate. The sulfate concentration in the substrate ranged from 0 to 600mgS·1−1. The chemostat reactor was operated to compare with the membrane bioreactor. The fouling phenomenon caused by FeS precipitate was observed at higher concentration of sulfate. However, it was possible to continuously operate the membrane bioreactor by cleaning the membrane. The efficiency of sulfate removal by sulfate reduction reached about 100% in the membrane bioreactor, and 55 to 87% of sulfide was removed from the permeate by the membrane filtration. The composition of the metabolite was remarkably changed by the change in sulfate concentration. When the sulfate concentration increased, acetate and 2-proponol significantly increased while n-butyrate and 3-pentanol decreased. The sulfate-reducing bacteria play the role as acetogenic bacteria consuming volatile fatty acids and alcohols as electron donors under sulfate-rich conditions. The results show that the acidogenesis and sulfate reduction simultaneously proceed in the membrane bioreactor.

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Automatic monitoring of denitrification rates and capacities in activated sludge processes using fluorescence or redox potential

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0519 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (12) ◽

pp. 121-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Isaacs ◽

Terry Mah ◽

S. K. Maneshin

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Redox Potential ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Automatic Monitoring ◽

Organic Substrate ◽

Anoxic Zone ◽

Optimal Dosing ◽

Denitrifying Microorganisms ◽

Activated Sludge Processes

A novel method is described to automatically estimate several key parameters affecting denitrification in activated sludge processes: the nitrate concentration, the denitrification capacity, and the maximum (substrate unlimited) and actual denitrification rates. From these, the concentration of active denitrifying microorganisms and the quality of available organic substrate pool can be estimated. Additionally, a modification of the method allows the determination of the efficacy of various carbon substrates to enhance denitrification, and this can be used to determine optimal dosing rates of an external carbon source. The method is based on measurements of either fluorescence or redox potential (ORP) in an isolated mini-reactor, the Biological Activity Meter (BAM), situated in the anoxic zone of the wastewater treatment plant. Advantages of the method are that it is in situ, operating at the same temperature as in the measured anoxic zone, requires no pumps or pipes for mixed liquor sampling, consumes little or no reagents, and uses measurement signals which are instantaneous and low maintenance, one of which provides a direct measure of biological activity.

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Optimising the A/O cycle for phosphorus removal in a submerged biofilter under continuous feed

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2000.0485 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 41 (4-5) ◽

pp. 503-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R.F. Gonçalves ◽

F. Rogalla

Keyword(s):

Phosphorus Removal ◽

Organic Substrate ◽

P Element ◽

Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽

Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽

P Release ◽

Continuous Feed ◽

Biological Phosphorus ◽

Total P ◽

Selection Of

This work describes laboratory scale research about Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) in a submerged biofilter under Anaerobic/Oxic (A/O) alternation and continuous feed. Its main purpose is to detail the behaviour of the reactor throughout the anaerobic and the aerobic phases of the A/O cycle, to study the importance of the anaerobic phase in the selection of the EBPR bacteria in the biofilm and to evaluate the consumption and the importance of the organic substrate during the anaerobic phase. The mass balance over the Phosphorus (P) element indicates that long anaerobic phases (6 h) are more efficient than short ones (3 h) as a selector of EBPR bacteria in biofilms. In both comparisons, thespecific mass of P released in a 6 h period represents almost 50% more than the amount of P release in the shorter period (3 h). However, the presence of rapidly biodegradable COD in the influent of the anaerobic phase is a more effective selector, more important than the duration of the anaerobic phase: by doubling the amount of acetic acid in the influent, a similar 50% increase of P-release can be achieved at short anaerobic periods of 3 h. The effect of the strategy adopted in this study, focusing on selecting EBPR bacteria in biofilm, is shown by the P levels of 4% (total P/SST) in the sludge removed from the BF by backwashing in all periods.

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