This chapter examines the fundamentals of Knowledge Management (KM) and Intellectual Capital, traces the history of these movements, and explores organizational applications of both traditional and current KM implementations. The three subsystems that are fundamental to any KM system are examined, and the importance of organizational learning and sense-making for successful KM is explained. The necessity of treating knowledge management in a systemic organizational sense to include the social as well as the technological implications is rationalized, and the key attributes of an organization’s prevailing culture, including affective factors that encourage or block effective KM, are discussed. The importance of information technologies such as SCM, CRM, ERP, ERP II, and Web 2.0, Enterprise 2.0, mobile technologies, and social media is highlighted. Leadership concerns and application of dynamic leadership models are addressed in the text and in case studies.