The 1922 Turin Massacre (Strage di Torino): Working Class Resistance and Conflicts within Fascism

Modern Italy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sonnessa
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Residual Resistance ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Head Of Government ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City

SummaryThis article explores the reasons why Turin's Fascists launched a violent offensive against the local labour movement two months after the Fascist seizure of power. The article demonstrates that the residual resistance of the working class to Fascism was the major reason behind the Turin massacre. However, it also investigates other decisive factors for the violence of December 1922: the conflict between the national Fascist leadership and Turin Fascism and within the Turin fascio itself. The article challenges the interpretation, best exemplified by Renzo De Felice, that the Fascist violence was spontaneous, carried out by undisciplined squadristi without the approval of Mussolini and the Fascist leadership. Rather, it argues that there existed significant levels of planning and a high degree of toleration by the Turinese and national Fascist leaderships and the local authorities. Using Turin as a case study, the article provides a clearer view of the tensions existing within the Fascist movement in the months after the seizure of power. It analyses how Turin Fascism was riddled by factional disputes and how its attempts to gain control of the major political and economic institutions of the city were frustrated by the opposition of the local authorities and industrialists, backed by Mussolini's government. The events of the months preceding and following the strage also afford insights into the conflicts within Fascism over the future role squadrism and violence was to play in the Fascist movement now Mussolini was head of government.

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GLOBALIZATION: THE GENESIS OF DUNDEE'S TWO ‘UNITED FRONTS’ IN THE 1930s

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIM TOMLINSON
Keyword(s):  
Economic Globalization ◽  
City Council ◽  
British Society ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The City

ABSTRACTEconomic globalization has been a key force shaping British society since the mid nineteenth-century. This article uses a case-study of Dundee and its jute industry to examine the major issues that have arisen as the effects of those global forces have been responded to. Dundee was especially prone to detrimental effects from globalization because of its character as ‘juteopolis’, a one industry town with that industry subject to powerful competitive pressures from Calcutta producers from the 1880s onwards. In the 1930s these pressures became overwhelming, as cheap jute goods from India undercut the Dundee industry's home as well as export markets, and mass unemployment ensued. The local responses to this pressure were sharply divergent. There was both a ‘United Front’ between many elements in the local labour movement, mirroring the much-contested national calls for joint Labour and Communist party efforts, and a quite different ‘front’ bringing together jute employers, jute unions, local MPs, and the city council to call for protection for the industry. It is argued that this divergence can be used to explore key issues in the nature of the forces, national as well as local, operating on industrial cities and their populations.

Engels’ ‘proletarisation’ and ‘great towns’ vis-à-vis dispossession, and gendered work in an informal economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 194277862110081
Author(s):  
Tanya Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Displaced Workers ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Through a powerful investigation of Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845), this paper aims to study the conditions of the working-class population in an Indian metropolis in present times. The paper borrows from an empirical case study of working-class population in Narela, a peripheral region in Delhi, to assess the relationship among labour, capital and state. With deepening inequality, changing labour market relations and spatial restructuring in cities, it becomes essential to understand this relationship in light of existing scholarships on South Asian cities focussing on everyday state, urban informality, social reproduction and periphery. The spatial reorganisation of Delhi was premised on aesthetic improvisation of the city, which aimed at driving the polluting/hazardous industries and working-class population to the peripheral area of Narela in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Drawing from the lived experiences of the displaced workers and new migrant workers, this study addresses concerns around housing and employment, therefore looking at a larger relationship among labour, state and capital. Explaining the process of peopling and industrialisation of this peripheral region, the paper critically analyses the contributions as well as limitations of Engels’ work in Indian urban studies.

scholarly journals Deterioration in brick buildings: hygrothermal performance and measures to save them

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 23005
Author(s):  
Pär Johansson ◽  
Paula Wahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Swedish West Coast ◽  
Hygrothermal Performance ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City

Many former industrial building sites in Sweden have been abandoned and left to deteriorate. Nowadays, there is a large interest to refurbish and retrofit these buildings for other purposes. Commercial and housing developers are attracted to these areas which are often in the outskirts of the city centers. There are several challenges facing architects and engineers to preserve these buildings, also connected to cultural heritage demands. The aim of this study is to propose measures to preserve cultural heritage buildings. A brick building in Gothenburg, on the Swedish west coast, is used as a case study. The building was used for paper production until 2005. After that, it deteriorated quickly after the heating was turned off. The rapid decay affected the hygrothermal performance as well as the load-bearing capacity of the structure. Small scale laboratory investigations of the building materials show a high degree of decay. Measurements of temperature and relative humidity is used to monitor the hygrothermal performance. Observations show that the brick masonry has heavy salt efflorescence and is in need of further protective measures.

scholarly journals The Five-Minute-Walk Distance Concept, Case Study: City of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Oana Strinu
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Walk Distance ◽  
The City ◽  
Minute Walk Distance ◽  
Minute Walk

"The Five-Minute-Walk Distance Concept, Case Study: City of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. This term, also known as the “pedestrian shed”, refers to the distance that would make a person’s option of walking or driving to a destination differ. The distance is visualized as a 400-meter radius area most commonly found in some major cities or capitals’ downtown areas/main areas. To further highlight the characteristics of this concept I applied it on a case study of the city of Cluj-Napoca, checking the adherence of many areas against the concept’s principles. This will display the percentage of studied areas that meet the definition criteria and the results will indicate the proposed collection of measures to be adopted by the local authorities to increase the area definition validity score and to improve the citizens quality of life. This concept could be easily replicated in any city or capital and its metrics could be used to assess citizens. Keywords: neighborhood, 5-minute walking distance, urban development, city driving, pedestrian shed."

Anarchism and Illegality in Barcelona, 1931–7

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ealham
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Social Mobilisation ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
The City ◽  
European League

A century ago Friedrich Engels reflected that if a European league for barricade-building was established, Barcelona would emerge in top position. The same deep rebellious traditions of the Catalan capital prompted the English hispanophile Gerald Brenan to describe Barcelona as ‘the most revolutionary city in Europe’. The 1930s confirmed this reputation: during the years assessed in this article barricades were thrown up in the working-class districts of Barcelona on at least eight different occasions. What is interesting, however, is that although the local authorities and business groups were understandably perturbed by the threat of social mobilisation, the proven capacity of the security forces to contain the challenge of the barricades meant that the danger of urban insurrection was not the greatest continuing worry of the ‘law-and-order’ lobby. Instead, the dominant concern of the self-proclaimed ‘lovers of order’ in Barcelona was the wave of armed illegality (atracaments) which rocked the city throughout the 1930s.1

scholarly journals Gender segregation in farm labour, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic: case study from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 02047
Author(s):  
Nurul Hilmiati ◽  
Ulyatu Fitrotin ◽  
Irma Mardian ◽  
Putu Adnyana ◽  
Awaludin Hipi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Local Labour

Farm labour plays significant roles in crops production. This paper aims to describe gender segregation in crops farming, its roles and dynamic during Covid pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara. A survey was conducted in three districts, East Lombok, Sumbawa and Bima, involving 102 farmers. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using interview method which then analysed descriptively. The results showed that most respondents employed woman labours for planting and mixed labour for harvesting amid the land ownership discrepancy and agroecology conditions. Women were considered to be more skilful and diligent than men. Nevertheless, they received lower pay by 50-100% on daily basis. Covid pandemic situation has posed varying effects on labour prices, work availability and movement. Labour prices generally has increased due to increasing prices of basic needs, yet work availability decreased as land owners tried to reduce cost because of rocketing fertiliser prices. Pandemic situation did not affect labour movement was in East Lombok and Bima since majority farmers used local labour. While in Sumbawa, as many farmers relied on migrant labour from Lombok and Bima for harvesting, the 2020 has affected harvest quality and subsequently selling prices due to late harvest since labours were not allowed to travel.

scholarly journals “Liberty or Death”: Working Class Agitation and the Labour Question in Colonial Freetown, 1938–1939

1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The City ◽  
British Colonies

SummaryThis article examines the labour disturbances which occurred in Freetown, Sierra Leone (Figure 1), between 1938 and 1939. Contrary to the prevailing interpretation that the colonial state in Africa was faced with an alternative of either forcefully pushing the working class out of the city or moving towards some form of corporatism, this article argues that such an option was only feasible in situations where labour was relatively quiescent or where a casual labour problem existed. In Freetown, where a stable labour force existed, the choice was between accepting a militant labour movement over whom officials had little or no control, or creating a labour movement that would eschew militant protest and follow the path dictated from above. The existence of a militant organization committed to continous agitation and the use of strike weapons to force employers to acknowledge the presence of a working class were critical factors in shaping official response to labour disturbances in the British colonies.

scholarly journals Importance of Effective Contract Management: GasPacifico Pipeline Project — A Case Study

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Marshall ◽  
Catherine Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Central Valley ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Contract Administration ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Design Construction

The GasPacífico Project involved the construction of 543 kilometres of NPS 20 and NPS 24 high pressure gas pipeline to connect the natural gas reserves in the Province of Neuquen, Argentina to the industrial and domestic demand in and near the city of Concepción, Chile. The pipeline crossed the Pampas of Argentina, the imposing Andes mountain range, the Coastal mountain range and the highly populated agricultural terrain of the Central Valley (740 individual landowners in total) leading to the west coast of Chile. TransCanada International Ltd. was responsible for the overall project management of the GasPacifico Project which included design, construction and contract administration. In March 1998, the Project Team began the procedure to pre-qualify bidders, to prepare contract documents and to call for bids in preparation for the selection of construction contractors for the project. Contracts were awarded on July 30, 1998. The proper selection of the Contractors was considered of paramount importance in the project because of the high degree of difficulty of the project, the budget constraints, and the very limited time available for construction. The details of the process established for the selection of the Contractors for the GasPacífico Project as presented in this paper include: • the criteria for the pre-qualification of the bidders; • the technical evaluation format; • the commercial evaluation format; • sensitivity studies for unit rate items and extra work; • the application of the technical/commercial evaluations to the final selection.

scholarly journals Dominant Concepts of Urban Improvement in Siberia: a Sociological Case Study in Omsk

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Evgenii Kapoguzov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Community Activists ◽  
The Media ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The City

The research featured the conflict between urban communities that arises as a result of the implementation of the urban improvement strategy. The authors used an interdisciplinary approach to study the institutional dissonance in terms of discursive practices, which is a form of urban communities’ discourse. A sociological survey made it possible to describe the institutional dissonance that appeared when Omsk residents started demonstrating their dissatisfaction with the attempts of the local authorities to improve the urban environment. They claimed that the authorities did not understand the residents’ needs. Moreover, the media transmitted a negative image of the city, which made the citizens even more dissatisfied with their life quality. The research involved an empirical study conducted by the case study method. In included 17 interviews with community activists and five interviews with local authorities. The article introduces the results of an overt observation of the activists and an analysis of the regional mass media. The research revealed the dominant concepts of improvement of the city of Omsk. The institutional dissonance proved recorded in the urban discourse. The research also demonstrated how the dominant concepts of city improvement can reveal themselves in the discourse of activists, regional authorities, and regional media.

A top-down experiment in Co-Creation in Greater Paris

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Ségolène Pruvot
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Collaborative Process ◽  
Creative Ability ◽  
Creative Cities ◽  
Area North ◽  
The City

This chapter explores how Plaine Commune, the local authority in charge of urban development in an area north of Paris, has implemented a ‘top-down’ art-based collaborative process, which may be regarded as Co-Creation. The chapter analyses whether and how a process initiated by a public authority can be understood as part of the Co-Creation method defined in this book. The chapter places the reflection in the frame of the Creative Cities debate (Florida, Landry) and looks at whether and how Co-Creation can be used as a tool for inclusive Creative Cities strategies. The case-study reveals that local authorities can innovate by calling in artists for their specific creative ability, involving them as mediators, to help develop new ways of making the city, together with urban planners and residents.

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