Determination of image sharpness parameters of graphic art films using large-area densitometry

AbstractThe major aim of CMP is not the removal of excess material but the planarization of the surface. Therefore the determination of the planarization length appears to be more important than the removal rate itself. It has been shown, that the planarization length is not a constant process parameter, but is related to the removal respectively to the polish time in a square root behaviour. Founded on models proposed by Boning, Ouma, et. al. we applied a sequential polish on a single quasi infinite step. The resulting profile could be simulated by a sequential convolution of the surface contour with a Gaussian transfer function.To come closer to the situation on a chip pattern we investigated the planarization behaviour on a specific pattern of the MIT854AZ copper CMP test chip, where a large area of unpatterned surface touches a pattern with a specific constant density.The 200 mm wafer samples consisted of RIE structured oxide films covered with 850 nm ECD copper. The polish was performed on a standard semiconductor manufacturing tool, using a commercial consumables set. The surface profiles were determined by a high resolution profiler within the polishing sequence. The densely patterned areas are removed within a certain polishing time while the transition point between the unpatterned and patterned area appears as a global step. The deposited copper thickness is sufficient to study the contour evolution in both phases, before and after removal of the dense pattern. The paper presents the experimental results on the contour evolution for the patterned fields as well as the global step.

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Characterization and calibration of a large area beta scintillation detector for determination of Sr-90

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry ◽

10.1007/bf02041922 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 193 (1) ◽

pp. 99-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. H. Abel ◽

A. J. Schilk ◽

D. P. Brown ◽

M. A. Knopf ◽

R. C. Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scintillation Detector ◽

Large Area

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Incorporation of satellite-derived snow-cover area in spatial snowmelt modeling for a large area: determination of a gridded degree-day factor

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/2013aog62a218 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 54 (62) ◽

pp. 205-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yoshihiro Asaoka ◽

Yuji Kominami

Keyword(s):

Snow Cover ◽

Snow Water Equivalent ◽

Sensible Heat Flux ◽

Spatial Uncertainty ◽

Large Area ◽

Snow Cover Area ◽

Degree Day ◽

Snow Water ◽

Snowmelt Modeling

AbstractSpatial degree-day factors (DDFs) are required for spatial snowmelt modeling over large areas by the degree-day method. We propose a method to obtain DDFs by incorporating snow disappearance dates (SDDs), derived from 10 day composites of Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT)/VEGETATION data, into the degree-day method. This approach allowed determination of DDFs for each gridpoint so as to better reflect regional characteristics than use of spatially constant DDFs obtained from point measurements. Simulations at six observation sites successfully accounted for variations in snow water equivalent (SWE), even at elevations different from the closest measurement site. These results suggest that incorporating satellite-derived SDDs into the degree-day method decreases spatial uncertainty compared with the use of spatially constant DDFs. Application of our method to Japanese cold regions revealed that gridded DDFs were negatively correlated with accumulated positive degree-days (APDDs) and were high only when APDDs were low. These results imply that high DDFs resulted from the dominant contribution of solar radiation to snowmelt at low temperatures and that low DDFs resulted from a relatively high contribution of sensible heat flux at high temperatures. The proposed method seems to adequately account for the main energetic components of snowmelt during the snow-cover season over large areas.

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Energy Losses at Tees With Large Area Ratios

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.1852475 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 110-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Kenji Oka ◽

Hidesato Ito¯

Keyword(s):

Branch Pipe ◽

Circular Cross Section ◽

Correction Factors ◽

Large Area ◽

Combined Flow ◽

Flow Through ◽

Loss Coefficients ◽

Energy And Momentum ◽

Good Agreement

The loss coefficients for smooth, sharp-edged tees of circular cross-section with the area ratio of 11.44 were determined experimentally for five branch angles which ranged from 45 deg to 135 deg giving special consideration to all configurations of flow through the tees. The Reynolds number, in the leg carrying the combined flow, was kept to a constant value, i.e., 105 for the branch pipe and 3×104 for the main pipe, respectively. The equations for loss coefficients developed from the continuity, energy, and momentum principles give good agreement with the experimental results for tees with large area ratios provided that correction factors are introduced. The correction factors were determined by the analysis of the experimental data with the relative uncertainties from 0.9 to 3.3% according to the configurations of flow. The results constitute a useful guide to the determination of the loss coefficients for tees with large area ratios.

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The determination of the meteorological conditions of the atmosphere by the use of radio-sounding balloons

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.1938.0129 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 167 (929) ◽

pp. 227-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Keyword(s):

Wind Velocity ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

The Self ◽

European Countries ◽

Large Area ◽

Radio Transmitter ◽

Adequate Knowledge ◽

Radio Sounding ◽

The Cost

Radio-signalling methods are sometimes applied to indicate or record temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind velocity, where the installation of an ordinary meteorological observing station would present difficulties due to the inaccessibility of the desired observing point. Such methods may also be applied to free balloon ascents for sounding the atmosphere, in which case the use of radio-signalling gives rise to three great advantages over the self-recording type of meteorograph. First, a record is obtained during the ascent of the balloon and consequently the ultimate loss of the apparatus is of no importance; secondly, a large amount of aerological data can be obtained at a cost far less than that required for aeroplane observations; thirdly, information can be obtained at altitudes considerably greater than those given by aeroplane instruments. For these various reasons considerable attention has been given in certain European countries and in America to radio-sounding methods of exploring the atmosphere. The collection of reliable aerological data is now a matter of prime importance for a variety of purposes. Since a large number of ascents are necessary to obtain an adequate knowledge of conditions over a large area, and since many of the instruments will be lost or returned in a damaged condition, it is important to keep as low as possible the cost of the apparatus. In the present paper a description is given of a satisfactory radio transmitter equipped with meteorological instruments to give instantaneous indication of the pressure and temperature of the atmosphere.

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Progressive Poling of Large Area, High r33 Electro-Optic Polymer SEO100c

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11178108 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (17) ◽

pp. 8108

Author(s):

Michael Maurer ◽

Evan Gawron ◽

Christopher Middlebrook

Keyword(s):

Extended Period ◽

High Yield ◽

Large Area ◽

Device Structure ◽

Poling Process ◽

Electro Optic ◽

Waveguide Modulator ◽

The Impact ◽

Selection Of

SEO100c, an EO-polymer, has been reported of having an r33 in excess of 100 pm/V. Experimental poling research was performed on rib waveguide modulator for device design and development. Reported is the determination of the impact that temperature and voltage have on the poling of a SEO100c waveguide device in order to maximize the r33 while avoiding damage to the device structure ensuring high yield in manufacture. The poling process is shown to have a nonlinear relationship between r33 and poling field aiding in the selection of achievable poling voltages for required r33 values. Device thermal stability is quantified and reported for the complete poling process and the impacts upon r33. Investigation into the possible relaxation of device r33 is measured over an extended period demonstrating desirable use within deployable devices.

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Water flow regulator for irrigation canals

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202126403038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 264 ◽

pp. 03038

Author(s):

Dmitry Benin ◽

Vera Snezhko

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Operational Reliability ◽

Outlet Section ◽

Irrigation Canals ◽

Large Area ◽

Jet Pumps ◽

Significant Length ◽

Physical Elements ◽

Injection Effect

A distinctive feature of the irrigated systems of the Russian Federation is a large area of irrigated areas and a significant length of irrigation canals. With a large area of the irrigated massif on small canals, the use of electricity to regulate the throughput of network hydraulic structures is economically ineffective. Preference is given to means of hydraulic automation of water supply. Regulation of the throughput of a hydraulic structure is based on the laws of fluid flow within it. On irrigation canals in Russia, as in world practice, water-operated gates are widely used. One of the disadvantages of such gates is moving metal parts and sensors, which reduce the operational reliability of structures. A new regulator of throughput is proposed, the action of which is based on the injection effect. Compression of the flow by physical elements was replaced by the circulation of surplus water supply between the outlet section of the water supply structure and the downstream. The regulator is built into the pressure drop between the high and low order channels. Regulating the throughput of the tubular water outlet automatically begins after shutting down one or more sprinklers that take water from the lower order canal. After turning the sprinklers into operation, the regulator automatically restores the original throughput. Using the theory of jet pumps, a new method has been developed for the theoretical determination of the main hydraulic characteristics of the regulator. These include the size of the nozzle and the velocities of the injection and injection streams. The derivation of theoretical dependencies was based on the classical equations of fluid mechanics; the flow within the structure was considered quasi-one-dimensional. The obtained calculated dependencies were verified using numerical and physical modeling. The data of the physical and numerical experiment were in good agreement with the theoretical dependences. Further optimization of the controller can be performed by changing its geometric parameters.

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