Becoming posthuman: hepatitis C, the race to elimination and the politics of remaking the subject

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Kate Seear ◽  
Emily Lenton
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
The Subject

Translating pharmacogenetics into clinical practice: interleukin (IL)28B and inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) polymophisms in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Cariani ◽  
Erica Villa ◽  
Cristina Rota ◽  
Rosina Critelli ◽  
Tommaso Trenti
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Inosine Triphosphatase

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is frequently characterized by evolution to chronicity and by a variable clinical course of the disease. The clinical heterogeneities of HCV infection and the imperfect predictability of the response to interferon (IFN) have suggested the need to search for a genetic basis of clinical features. This led to the discovery of genetic polymorphisms playing a major role in the evolution of infection, as well as on treatment response and adverse effects. This review will cover recent reports on the subject, focusing on the potential use of the new genetic markers in the diagnostic algorithm for the stratification of patients for personalized antiviral regimens.

scholarly journals The α Isoform of Protein Kinase CKI Is Responsible for Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Hyperphosphorylation

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (22) ◽  
pp. 11305-11312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Quintavalle ◽  
Sonia Sambucini ◽  
Chiara Di Pietro ◽  
Raffaele De Francesco ◽  
Petra Neddermann
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Phosphorylated Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hyperphosphorylated Form

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been the subject of intensive studies for nearly two decades. Nevertheless, some aspects of the virus life cycle are still a mystery. The HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) has been shown to be a modulator of cellular processes possibly required for the establishment of viral persistence. NS5A is heavily phosphorylated, and a switch between a basally phosphorylated form of NS5A (p56) and a hyperphosphorylated form of NS5A (p58) seems to play a pivotal role in regulating HCV replication. Using kinase inhibitors that specifically inhibit the formation of NS5A-p58 in cells, we identified the CKI kinase family as a target. NS5A-p58 increased upon overexpression of CKI-α, CKI-δ, and CKI-ε, whereas the RNA interference of only CKI-α reduced NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Rescue of inhibition of NS5A-p58 was achieved by CKI-α overexpression, and we demonstrated that the CKI-α isoform is targeted by NS5A hyperphosphorylation inhibitors in living cells. Finally, we showed that down-regulation of CKI-α attenuates HCV RNA replication.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of a Series of 2′-C-Methyl-4′-thionucleoside Monophosphate Prodrugs

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5165
Author(s):  
Zackery W. Dentmon ◽  
Thomas M. Kaiser ◽  
Dennis C. Liotta
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Nucleoside Analogs ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Synthetic Sequence

The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a validated target for nucleoside antiviral drug therapy. We endeavored to synthesize and test a series of 4′-thionucleosides with a monophosphate prodrug moiety for their antiviral activity against HCV and other related viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Nucleoside analogs were prepared via the stereoselective Vorbrüggen glycosylation of various nucleobases with per-acetylated 2-C-methyl-4-thio-d-ribose built in a 10-step synthetic sequence from the corresponding ribonolactone. Conjugation of the thionucleoside to a ProTide phosphoramidate allowed for evaluation of the prodrugs in the cellular HCV replicon assay with anti-HCV activities ranging from single-digit micromolar (μM) to >200 μM. The diminished anti-HCV potency of our best compound compared to its 4′-oxo congener is the subject of ongoing research in our lab and is proposed to stem from changes in sugar geometry imparted by the larger sulfur atom.

Words

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327
Author(s):  
Colbert Searles
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Subject

THE germ of that which follows came into being many years ago in the days of my youth as a university instructor and assistant professor. It was generated by the then quite outspoken attitude of colleagues in the “exact sciences”; the sciences of which the subject-matter can be exactly weighed and measured and the force of its movements mathematically demonstrated. They assured us that the study of languages and literature had little or nothing scientific about it because: “It had no domain of concrete fact in which to work.” Ergo, the scientific spirit was theirs by a stroke of “efficacious grace” as it were. Ours was at best only a kind of “sufficient grace,” pleasant and even necessary to have, but which could, by no means ensure a reception among the elected.

Artificial satellite orbit computations

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 363-371
Author(s):  
P. Sconzo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
Orbital Elements ◽  
Differential Correction ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Introductory Discussion ◽  
Orbit Computation

In this paper an orbit computation program for artificial satellites is presented. This program is operational and it has already been used to compute the orbits of several satellites.After an introductory discussion on the subject of artificial satellite orbit computations, the features of this program are thoroughly explained. In order to achieve the representation of the orbital elements over short intervals of time a drag-free perturbation theory coupled with a differential correction procedure is used, while the long range behavior is obtained empirically. The empirical treatment of the non-gravitational effects upon the satellite motion seems to be very satisfactory. Numerical analysis procedures supporting this treatment and experience gained in using our program are also objects of discussion.

C. Wire Cabling for Telescope Systems

1966 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 159-161
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
Data Multiplexing

Rule: I'd like at this point to bring up the subject of cables and wireways around the telescope. We've touched upon this twice during previous sessions: the cable wrap up problem, the communications problem, and data multiplexing problem. I think we'll ask Bill Baustian if he will give us a brief run down on what the electrical run problems are, besides doubling the system every year.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Direct Observations of the Epitaxial Growth of Sputtered Ag on Si

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
J. S. Maa ◽  
Thos. E. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
In Situ Electron Microscopy ◽  
Beam Sputtering ◽  
The Subject

The growth of Ag films deposited on various substrate materials such as MoS2, mica, graphite, and MgO has been investigated extensively using the in situ electron microscopy technique. The three stages of film growth, namely, the nucleation, growth of islands followed by liquid-like coalescence have been observed in both the vacuum vapor deposited and ion beam sputtered thin films. The mechanisms of nucleation and growth of silver films formed by ion beam sputtering on the (111) plane of silicon comprise the subject of this paper. A novel mode of epitaxial growth is observed to that seen previously.The experimental arrangement for the present study is the same as previous experiments, and the preparation procedure for obtaining thin silicon substrate is presented in a separate paper.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Materials for Electron Beam Information Storage

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 152-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Speliotis
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The interaction of electron beams with a large variety of materials for information storage has been the subject of numerous proposals and studies in the recent literature. The materials range from photographic to thermoplastic and magnetic, and the interactions with the electron beam for writing and reading the information utilize the energy, or the current, or even the magnetic field associated with the electron beam.

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