The impact of a carbon tax implementation on non-CO2 gas emissions: the case of Japan

This study uses a Computable General Equilibrium model to analyze policy scenarios for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum fuels and kerosene in Ethiopia. The carbon tax starts at $5 per ton of carbon dioxide in 2018 and rises to $30 per ton in 2030; these rates are translated into taxes on the different energy types covered, depending on their carbon contents. Different scenarios examine the impacts with revenue recycling through a uniform sales tax reduction, reduction of labor income tax, reduction of business income tax, direct transfer back to households, and use by the government to reduce debt. Because petroleum fuels and kerosene are a relatively small part of the Ethiopian economy, the carbon tax has small impacts on overall economic activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In proportional terms, however, the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources is notable, depending on the recycling scenario. The assumed carbon tax trajectory also can raise significant revenue—up to $800 million per year by 2030. The impacts on the poor through increased cost of living are not that large, since the share of the poor in total use of the taxed energy types is small. In terms of induced income effects through employment changes, urban households tend to experience more impacts than rural households, but the results also depend on the household skill level and the revenue recycling scenario.

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THE IMPACT OF CARBON REGULATION MECHANISMS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Strategic decisions and risk management ◽

10.17747/2618-947x-915 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 354-365

Author(s):

M. M. Balashov

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Carbon Tax ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Carbon Regulation ◽

Regulation Mechanisms ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Impact

The European Commission is currently preparing to implement a new form of carbon regulation a cross-border carbon tax. As conceived by the authors, such a decision will force exporters of goods with a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions during production to improve the environmental friendliness of production and, as a result, to reduce their carbon footprint. In addition, the carbon tax will create a competitive advantage for foreign companies with low greenhouse gas emissions. Such a policy of the European Union can seriously affect the economy of the Russian Federation and Russian companies that are export-oriented. Today, all over the world, more and more importance is attached to environmentally neutral technologies and industries. To keep up with the global trend, as well as to maintain the level of competitiveness, the Russian economy needs to adapt. The speed and efficiency of adaptation directly depend on system solutions both at the state level (development of the necessary regulatory legal acts and standards for reporting and disclosure of information) and at the level of enterprises most sensitive to carbon regulation (audit of the carbon footprint, modernization of production facilities, responsible approach to neutralization carbon footprint). The purpose of this work is to study the impact of carbon regulation mechanisms on the development of industry in the Russian Federation, in accordance with it, the following tasks are formed: to describe the mechanisms of carbon regulation, to assess the economic impact on the domestic industry, to consider world practices of confirming the carbon footprint, to identify threats to implementation of the national program “International cooperation and export” from the introduction of carbon regulation.

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The Impact of CO2 Gas Emissions on Government Expenditure of Health Sector in Indonesia

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912504004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 125 ◽

pp. 04004

Author(s):

Hadi Sasana ◽

Panji Kusuma ◽

Yuliani Setyaningsih

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Government Spending ◽

Government Expenditure ◽

Health Sector ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Co2 Gas ◽

Analytical Tools ◽

The Impact

Improving the degree of public health is increase government expenditure on the health sector. The study aims to analyse environmental degradation, demographic and economic factors on government expenditure in health. The analytical tools used in this study are multiple regression. The results showed that increased government spending on the health sector caused by demographic factors that are increasing the number of elderly people and environmental factors, namely CO2 gas emissions.

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The Change of Land Cover and Biocapacity of CO2 Gas Emission Absorption in Gresik Urban Area

SPECTA Journal of Technology ◽

10.35718/specta.v1i3.81 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 3-14

Author(s):

Achmad Ghozali ◽

Fery Irfan Nurrahman ◽

Eko Budi Santoso

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Land Use ◽

Land Use Change ◽

Land Cover ◽

Urban Area ◽

Land Cover Change ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Co2 Gas ◽

The Impact

Gresik urban area is dominated by industrial, housing, trade and services activities. The growth of activities contributes to the land use change from green open spaces into built-up areas. The impact of land use change influence the level of air pollution and CO2 gas emission in Gresik urban area. The previous study briefly shows that this urban area produces 50.37% of the total CO2 gas emissions. The production of CO2 gas emissions should be controlled to reduce the impact of climate change in urban areas such as increasing urban temperature, hydrological cycle anomaly, drought, land degradation and other social and environmental issues. The green open space can recycle the CO2 gas emissions and can increase the absorption capacity of the CO2 gas emissions (bio-capacity). The land cover change for built-up area potentially reduces the absorption of CO2 gas emissions in Gresik urban area. Therefore the identification of the land cover change on CO2 emission absorption becomes an objective of this study. The preliminary study can formulate the strategic steps in the development of Gresik urban area that supports urban greenery and adaptive effort to respond the climate change. The study is conducted in two steps. The first step is to analysis the land cover change based on the Landsat satellite imagery analysis. The second step is to measure the dynamic change of the region's ability(bio-capacity) to absorb CO2 emissions by using ecological footprint analysis. The results show that Gresik urban area has a high development of developed land to the North area, Manyar Sub District. The growth of the developed land is more converting the fishpond land. The green areas in this regiontend to be influenced by farming activities which also convert into fishpond land. Bio-capacity of CO2 gas emission absorption increases from 2003 of 3.548 gha to 5.656 gha but the comparison between bio-capacity of CO2 gas emission absorption and developed land shows the declining tendency in each year. In 2003, the comparison score is 1.59 gha/ha of developed land. In 2014, the score is declining into 1.48 gha/ha or developed land.

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Unintended possible consequences of fuel input taxes for individual investments in greenhouse gas mitigation technologies and the resulting emissions

South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences ◽

10.4102/sajems.v20i1.1472 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Heinz E. Klingelhöfer

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Tax ◽

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽

Imperfect Markets ◽

Individual Investor ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Price Ceiling ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

Background: South Africa is planning to introduce a carbon tax as a Pigouvian measure for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, one of the tax bases designed as a fuel input tax. In this form, it is supposed to incentivise users to reduce and/or substitute fossil fuels, leading to a reduction of CO2 emissions.Aim: This article examines how such a carbon tax regime may affect the individual willingness to invest in greenhouse gas mitigation technologies.Setting: Mathematical derivation, using methods of linear programming, duality theory and sensitivity analysis.Methods: By employing a two-step evaluation approach, it allows to identify the factors determining the maximum price an individual investor would pay for such an investment, given the conditions of imperfect markets.Results: This price ceiling depends on the (corrected) net present values of the payments and on the interdependencies arising from changes in the optimal investment and production programmes. Although the well-established results of environmental economics usually can be confirmed for a single investment, increasing carbon taxes may entail sometimes contradictory and unexpected consequences for individual investments in greenhouse gas mitigation technologies and the resulting emissions. Under certain circumstances, they may discourage such investments and, when still undertaken, even lead to higher emissions. However, these results can be interpreted in an economically comprehensible manner.Conclusion: Under the usually given conditions of imperfect markets, the impact of a carbon tax regime on individual investment decisions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions is not as straight forward as under the usually assumed, but unrealistically simplifying perfect market conditions. To avoid undesired and discouraging effects, policy makers cannot make solitary decisions, but have to take interdependencies on the addressee´s side into account. The individual investor´s price ceiling for such an investment in imperfect markets can be interpreted as a sum of (partially corrected) net present values, which themselves are a generalisation of the net present values known from perfect markets

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A Simple Methodology for Calculating the Impact of a Carbon Tax

10.1596/34279 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Stretton

Keyword(s):

Carbon Tax ◽

The Impact

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Seeing Double: Peace, Order, and Good Government, and the Impact of Federal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Legislation on Provincial Jurisdiction

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3522915 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Leach ◽

Eric M. Adams

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Good Government ◽

The Impact

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Optimization of Laser Engraving of Acrylic Plastics from the Perspective of Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission and Removal Rate

Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ◽

10.3390/jmmp5030078 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Mohammad Muhshin Aziz Khan ◽

Shanta Saha ◽

Luca Romoli ◽

Mehedi Hasan Kibria

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Production Rate ◽

Material Removal Rate ◽

Material Removal ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Scanning Speed ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Laser Engraving ◽

Co2 Gas ◽

Optimal Set

This paper focuses on optimizing the laser engraving of acrylic plastics to reduce energy consumption and CO2 gas emissions, without hindering the production and material removal rates. In this context, the role of laser engraving parameters on energy consumption, CO2 gas emissions, production rate, and material removal rate was first experimentally investigated. Grey–Taguchi approach was then used to identify an optimal set of process parameters meeting the goal. The scan gap was the most significant factor affecting energy consumption, CO2 gas emissions, and production rate, whereas, compared to other factors, its impact on material removal rate (MRR) was relatively lower. Moreover, the defocal length had a negligible impact on the response variables taken into consideration. With this laser-process-material combination, to achieve the desired goal, the laser must be focused on the surface, and laser power, scanning speed, and scan gap must be set at 44 W, 300 mm/s, and 0.065 mm, respectively.

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