Lexical Capture: A Developmental Disorder of Reading and Spelling

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Funnell ◽  
Margaret Davison
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
International Phonetic Alphabet ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Difficulty ◽  
Reading And Spelling

We report a case of a 35-year-old teacher, Louise, with a history of learning difficulties and current evidence of developmental phonological dyslexia and dysgraphia. Her reading, spelling, and remembering of novel stimuli written in conventional alphabetic script was poor, but she performed significantly better when the same items were written in the International Phonetic Alphabet, a system that she learned when studying linguistics. Her impaired performance in tasks of phonemic segmentation and short-term memory, which are generally associated with impaired reading and spelling of unfamiliar material, could not account for her specific difficulty with alphabetic stimuli. Instead, her problems appear to result from a lexical strategy, which we have called “lexical capture”.

Clinical diagnosis of LGI1 antibody encephalitis in an 83-year-old woman

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e237398
Author(s):  
Jonathan E Attwood ◽  
Saniya Naseer ◽  
Sophia Michael ◽  
Josie Riley
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Abnormal Movements ◽  
History Of

An 83-year-old woman was referred to hospital with a 2-week history of short-lived episodic unpleasant sensations in her head and running down her body. This was accompanied by new short-term memory impairment and arm spasms. Initial investigations including blood tests and brain imaging did not reveal the diagnosis. The patient developed an increasing frequency of abnormal movements of her face and arm. These were clinically recognised as faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS). FBDS are pathognomonic of an autoimmune encephalitis caused by an antibody directed against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1). The clinical diagnosis resulted in treatment with immunotherapy, leading to cessation of seizures and rapid cognitive recovery. Later, the predicted serology was confirmed. This reversible and under-recognised cause of cognitive impairment, typically affecting elderly patients, can be diagnosed clinically to enable early and effective treatment.

scholarly journals Stacked Ensemble of Recurrent Neural Networks for Predicting Turbocharger Remaining Useful Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Sheikholharam Mashhadi ◽  
Sławomir Nowaczyk ◽  
Sepideh Pashami
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Remaining Useful Life ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Diagnostic Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Limited Sensing

Predictive Maintenance (PM) is a proactive maintenance strategy that tries to minimize a system’s downtime by predicting failures before they happen. It uses data from sensors to measure the component’s state of health and make forecasts about its future degradation. However, existing PM methods typically focus on individual measurements. While it is natural to assume that a history of measurements carries more information than a single one. This paper aims at incorporating such information into PM models. In practice, especially in the automotive domain, diagnostic models have low performance, due to a large amount of noise in the data and limited sensing capability. To address this issue, this paper proposes to use a specific type of ensemble learning known as Stacked Ensemble. The idea is to aggregate predictions of multiple models—consisting of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional-LSTM—via a meta model, in order to boost performance. Stacked Ensemble model performs well when its base models are as diverse as possible. To this end, each such model is trained using a specific combination of the following three aspects: feature subsets, past dependency horizon, and model architectures. Experimental results demonstrate benefits of the proposed approach on a case study of heavy-duty truck turbochargers.

scholarly journals Sensitive periods and developmental pathology of psychological functions among children with paroxysms

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
N.G. Turovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Sensitive Periods ◽  
Psychological Functions ◽  
Diagnostic Complex ◽  
Developmental Pathology

The paper describes the results of a psychological research of specificities of psychological functions development among children with paroxysms depending on their age and the duration of a disease. Fifty-four children aged 6—8 years old and their parents participated in the study. Clinical biography and experimental-psychological methods were used in the study (methods of neuropsychological research of higher psychic functions among children, Tsvetkova, 2002)), a diagnostic complex (“Prognostic and prevention of learning difficulties in school; Yasukova, 2002). The results showed that an early development of paroxysms is coupled with difficulties in auditory perception, short term memory, visual linear thinking and motor functions difficulties. The prolongation of paroxysms in preschool year-old children is coupled with a developmental pathology of kinesthetic praxis, as well as language and thinking, linked to language. It is hypothesized that developmental difficulties in children with paroxysms are related to the specificities of their impairments, as well as the sensitive periods of psychological functions.

scholarly journals Interaction Histories and Short-Term Memory: Enactive Development of Turn-Taking Behaviours in a Childlike Humanoid Robot

Philosophies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Broz ◽  
Chrystopher L. Nehaniv ◽  
Hatice Kose ◽  
Kerstin Dautenhahn
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Human Partner ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Immediate Experience

In this article, an enactive architecture is described that allows a humanoid robot to learn to compose simple actions into turn-taking behaviours while playing interaction games with a human partner. The robot’s action choices are reinforced by social feedback from the human in the form of visual attention and measures of behavioural synchronisation. We demonstrate that the system can acquire and switch between behaviours learned through interaction based on social feedback from the human partner. The role of reinforcement based on a short-term memory of the interaction was experimentally investigated. Results indicate that feedback based only on the immediate experience was insufficient to learn longer, more complex turn-taking behaviours. Therefore, some history of the interaction must be considered in the acquisition of turn-taking, which can be efficiently handled through the use of short-term memory.

How Does Acoustic Similarity Influence Short-Term Memory?

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acoustic Similarity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Listening Test ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Control

This study attempts to discover why items which are similar in sound are hard to recall in a short-term memory situation. The input, storage, and retrieval stages of the memory system are examined separately. Experiments I, II and III use a modification of the Peterson and Peterson technique to plot short-term forgetting curves for sequences of acoustically similar and control words. If acoustically similar sequences are stored less efficiently, they should be forgotten more rapidly. All three experiments show a parallel rate of forgetting for acoustically similar and control sequences, suggesting that the acoustic similarity effect does not occur during storage. Two input hypotheses are then examined, one involving a simple sensory trace, the other an overloading of a system which must both discriminate and memorize at the same time. Both predict that short-term memory for spoken word sequences should deteriorate when the level of background noise is increased. Subjects performed both a listening test and a memory test in which they attempted to recall sequences of five words. Noise impaired performance on the listening test but had no significant effect on retention, thus supporting neither of the input hypotheses. The final experiments studied two retrieval hypotheses. The first of these, Wickelgren's phonemic-associative hypotheses attributes the acoustic similarity effect to inter-item associations. It predicts that, when sequences comprising a mixture of similar and dissimilar items are recalled, errors should follow acoustically similar items. The second hypothesis attributes the effect to the overloading of retrieval cues which consequently do not discriminate adequately among available responses. It predicts maximum error rate on, not following, similar items. Two experiments were performed, one involving recall of visually presented letter sequences, the other of auditorily presented word sequences. Both showed a marked tendency for errors to coincide with acoustically similar items, as the second hypothesis would predict. It is suggested that the acoustic similarity effect occurs at retrieval and is due to the overloading of retrieval cues.

Usability Testing of a mHealth System for Swallowing Therapy in Patients Following Stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Georgina Papadopoulos-Nydam ◽  
Jana Maureen Rieger ◽  
Gabriela Constantinescu
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Swallowing Therapy ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
System Effectiveness

Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the usability of a mobile health (mHealth) system designed for dysphagia exercise in persons with a history of stroke. Method Five participants with a history of stroke were recruited from a tertiary health center and assessed for their ability to use and interact with the system. After being introduced to the technology, participants were asked to independently complete five tasks, one at a time. Assistance was available when required or requested. Usability was evaluated with respect to effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction when completing the prespecified goals. Results Four men and one woman between the ages of 50 and 83 years ( M = 65.4) completed the usability testing. Time from stroke onset varied from 1 month to 2.5 years. Additional poststroke challenges related to the usability of the mHealth system included reduced range of motion or mobility, vision, and short-term memory difficulties. Independent success (system effectiveness) varied in this user subgroup, and the research clinician or the family member was required to adjust the level and type of support they provided (system efficiency). All participants reported satisfaction with the use of the system. Conclusion Usability of and satisfaction with this mHealth system and others like it can be achieved in individuals who have had a stroke, either as an independent user or as a patient–caregiver dyad.

Abstract MP085: Cognitive Impairment Mediates the Impact of Short Sleep Duration on Mortality in Individuals with Cardiovascular or Cerebrovascular Disease

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Fernandez-Mendoza ◽  
Fan He ◽  
Alexandros N Vgontzas ◽  
Duanping Liao ◽  
Edward O Bixler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Sleep Duration ◽  
Short Sleep ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cerebrovascular disease (CBV) have been associated with short sleep duration and mortality. Furthermore, short sleep duration has been associated with impaired cognition. Most studies have been limited by using self-report measures and treating sleep duration as a sole, independent predictor, thus, its role in predicting mortality is still not well-established. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that 1) short sleep duration increases the impact of CVD and CBV on mortality and 2) cognitive impairment mediates the association of short sleep duration with mortality in those with CVD or CBV. Methods: We addressed this question in the Penn State Adult Cohort, a random, general population sample of 1,741 men and women (48.7 ± 13.5 years) who were studied in the sleep laboratory and followed-up for 16.7 ± 4.6 years. CVD was defined by a history of heart disease, including hypertension or diabetes, and CBV by a history of stroke. Polysomnographic (PSG) total sleep time was classified as normal (≥ 6 hours) and short (< 6 hours) sleep duration based on the median of the cohort. All individuals underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, including Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Trail Making Test, Benton Visual Retention Test, Thurstone Word Fluency Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. We tested the interaction between CVD, CBV and PSG sleep duration on mortality using Cox proportional hazard models controlling for multiple potential confounders. Results: The hazard ratios (95%CI) of mortality associated with CVD and CBV were 0.9 (0.6-1.3) and 1.3 (0.5-3.1) for individuals with normal sleep duration and 1.8 (1.3-2.5) and 2.4 (1.3-4.4) for individuals with short sleep duration (P-interaction < .05). In individuals with CVD or CBV, short sleep duration was associated with impaired processing speed, executive attention, and short-term memory (all Ps < .05). Cognitive impairment significantly mediated the impact of short sleep duration on mortality in those with CVD or CBV [proportion of mediation effects were 6.5% (1.4%-18.6%), 4.5% (0.4%-14.2%), and 6.2% (1.0%-18.4%) for processing speed, executive attention and short-term memory, respectively]. Conclusions: The risk of mortality associated with CVD and CBV is significantly increased in those with short sleep duration. Although cognitive impairment significantly mediated this association, its modest effect suggests that future studies should examine other underlying mechanisms linking short sleep duration with mortality in individuals with CVD or CBV.

Short-term memory in the in situ canine myocardium

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. H8-H16
Author(s):  
O. Nwasokwa ◽  
K. Sagawa ◽  
H. Suga
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Myocardial Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Length Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systolic Time ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Isotonic Shortening

We studied the effect of intracycle (short-term) mechanical history on canine myocardial performance. Intracycle muscle force and/or length history was varied, and the resultant changes in end-systolic force-length relationship were analyzed. Antecedent isotonic shortening impaired, whereas isometric force development enhanced end-systolic myocardial performance. A history of shortening concurrent with force development produced an intermediate effect. We conclude that decreasing force or length impairs whereas increasing length or force enhances performance in the same cycle. Different combinations of antecedent force and length changes affect end-systolic performance by algebraic summation (superposition) of their disparate effects. Time measurements established that 1) total systolic time varied little with altered history, 2) isotonic shortening took longer than isometric contraction in reaching a point P in the force-length plane, and 3) less time was therefore available for contraction after P with antecedent isotonic shortening than with antecedent isometric force development. This history-dependent time differential accounts for the corresponding differential in performance.

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