Problem Difficulty and Response Format in Syllogistic Reasoning

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 945-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Hardman ◽  
Stephen J. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Response Format ◽  
Problem Difficulty ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Evaluation Task ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
The Subject

It was hypothesized that the perceived irrelevance of the proposition “Some X are not Y” is a factor contributing to the difficulty of nearly all the determinate syllogisms classed as multiple model by Johnson-Laird and Byrne (1991), according to mental models theory. Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis by showing that subjects frequently correctly evaluate valid “Some … not” conclusions but rarely produce them, even when they have evaluated them elsewhere. Explanations of these findings based on the use of superficial strategies were ruled out. Experiment 2 further supported the hypothesis by showing that performance increased across the no-conclusion, multiple-choice, and evaluation task formats, and that this effect generalized to problems containing the quantifier “only”. However, the initial hypothesis was rejected in light of Experiment 3, which found no difference between multiple-choice and no-conclusion formats when the number of allowable conclusions was controlled for. Nevertheless, superior performance remained in the evaluation format, and it is suggested that offered conclusions may be used as a goal for the reasoning process. This interpretation is supported by the finding (Experiments 1 and 3) that subjects appear to search only for alternative conclusions that maintain the subject-predicate structure of the offered conclusion.

Mental Models vs Integrated Models: Explanations of Syllogistic Reasoning

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1377-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Cardaci ◽  
Amelia Gangemi ◽  
Giuseppa Pendolino ◽  
Santo Di Nuovo
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Integrated Models ◽  
Multiple Choice Questionnaire

To compare mental versus integrated models explanations of syllogistic reasoning, we administered a multiple-choice questionnaire containing 19 pairs of syllogistic premises with valid conclusions (given in a C-A order) to 72 psychology undergraduates. Association between our integrated models classification and the empirical difficulty of items was strong.

scholarly journals Deep Learning-Based Image Automatic Assessment and Nursing of Upper Limb Motor Function in Stroke Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Xue Chen ◽  
Yuanyuan Shi ◽  
Yanjun Wang ◽  
Yuanjuan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Automatic Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Task ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Set Up

This paper mainly introduces the relevant contents of automatic assessment of upper limb mobility after stroke, including the relevant knowledge of clinical assessment of upper limb mobility, Kinect sensor to realize spatial location tracking of upper limb bone points, and GCRNN model construction process. Through the detailed analysis of all FMA evaluation items, a unique experimental data acquisition environment and evaluation tasks were set up, and the results of FMA prediction using bone point data of each evaluation task were obtained. Through different number and combination of tasks, the best coefficient of determination was achieved when task 1, task 2, and task 5 were simultaneously used as input for FMA prediction. At the same time, in order to verify the superior performance of the proposed method, a comparative experiment was set with LSTM, CNN, and other deep learning algorithms widely used. Conclusion. GCRNN was able to extract the motion features of the upper limb during the process of movement from the two dimensions of space and time and finally reached the best prediction performance with a coefficient of determination of 0.89.

scholarly journals A Mobile Localization Method in Smart Indoor Environment Using Polynomial Fitting for Wireless Sensor Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Yang Yan ◽  
Zhengjian Li ◽  
Long Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Interacting Multiple Model ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Polynomial Fitting

The main factor affecting the localization accuracy is nonline of sight (NLOS) error which is caused by the complicated indoor environment such as obstacles and walls. To obviously alleviate NLOS effects, a polynomial fitting-based adjusted Kalman filter (PF-AKF) method in a wireless sensor network (WSN) framework is proposed in this paper. The method employs polynomial fitting to accomplish both NLOS identification and distance prediction. Rather than employing standard deviation of all historical data as NLOS detection threshold, the proposed method identifies NLOS via deviation between fitted curve and measurements. Then, it processes the measurements with adjusted Kalman filter (AKF), conducting weighting filter in the case of NLOS condition. Simulations compare the proposed method with Kalman filter (KF), adjusted Kalman filter (AKF), and Kalman-based interacting multiple model (K-IMM) algorithms, and the results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method. Moreover, experimental results obtained from a real indoor environment validate the simulation results.

Children's Interpretations of Dance Expressions

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Van Meel ◽  
Henriette Verburgh ◽  
Marco De Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Response Format ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Free Response ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
Professional Dance ◽  
Action Tendencies

Nine emotional themes were presented in dance expressions by a group of three professional dance students. In a first experiment these dance expressions were presented to children in the age groups of five-, eight-, ten-, and twelve-year-olds. Children's free response interpretations were analyzed for adequacy, conceptual level, and complexity of response. Clear age trends emerged, especially differentiating the five-year-olds from the other groups. In a second experiment a multiple choice response format was used. The same age trends were found. In a third experiment children with and without dance experience were compared. Experienced children used more emotional labels in interpreting the dance items. In the discussion it is suggested that, in the medium of dance, emotional interpretations gradually emerge from a preceding stage in which movements are imbued with action tendencies.

scholarly journals Depression prevalence in Intensive Care Unit nursing workers: a study at hospitals in a northwestern city of São Paulo State

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1114-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divane de Vargas ◽  
Ana Paula Vieira Dias
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Support Strategies ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Subject

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression in nursing staff working in Intensive Care Units of hospitals from a city in Northwestern São Paulo State - Brazil, examining its association with participants' socio-demographic characteristics. The Beck Depression Inventory was applied to a sample of 67 nursing workers from three general hospitals, showing an 28.4% prevalence of depression. The analysis based on the multiple model showed a significant association between depression and marital status (OR=1.52), night work (OR=1.46) and double shifts (OR=2.11). Also, there were significant percentages of workers who reported discouragement, sadness and hopelessness. In conclusion, the prevalence of depression is significant and more attention should be paid to this problem workers at these units face. Further studies are needed in the attempt to broaden knowledge on the subject, which can support strategies to guarantee attention to ICU nursing workers' physical and mental health needs.

Guttman Scaling of Moral Comprehension Stages

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-550
Author(s):  
Richard N. Tsujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Junior College ◽  
Defining Issues Test ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Guttman Scale ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Scale Types

This study examined whether Rest's (1979) objective test of moral comprehension could yield comprehension stage data that form a Guttman scale. If so, the test's construct validity and its usefulness for certain research purposes would be enhanced (Rest, 1973). Subjects were 197 adults in junior college, college, or graduate school. Each completed Rest's (1979) Defining Issues Test and an 11-item version of Rest's multiple-choice test of moral comprehension, which assesses comprehension of Kohlberg's Stages 4, 5A, and 5B. For each comprehension item the subject chooses one of four multiple-choice alternatives. A subject was scored as comprehending Stage 4 if he answered at least three out of four Stage 4 items correctly, Stage 5A if he answered three out of four Stage 5A items correctly, and 5B if he answered both Stage 5B items correctly. These criteria were chosen because the probability of reaching or exceeding each criterion by randomly guessing is low and quite uniform across the three stages: 5% for Stage 4 and Stage 5A, and 6% for Stage 5B. Using Henry's (1952) method for assigning scale scores to non-scale-types (see Nie, et al., 1975), the coefficient of reproducibility was .95 and the coefficient of scalability was .84. Thus, the comprehension stage data do form a Guttman scale.

Graphical Logic Paradigm and Reasoning Process Research

2014 ◽  
Vol 1006-1007 ◽  
pp. 1084-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren Long ◽  
Yi Ting Zhang ◽  
Yu Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Process Research ◽  
Problem Difficulty ◽  
Reasoning Process ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mental Logic

Through the mental models, mental logic and raven's graphic reasoning test research, this paper deduced a series of graphic reasoning paradigm, and summarized the process of graphical reasoning. Through the demonstration of problem difficulty experiment and written report experiment, confirmed a high relevance between the graphic logic steps iteration and species and questions difficulty. Furthermore, reasoning order and default graphical reasoning paradigm have a high degree of agreement. Confirmed the rationality and widespread adaptability of graphic reasoning paradigms.

scholarly journals Mental Models in Deductive Reasoning

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. García-Madruga ◽  
Francisco Gutiérrez ◽  
Nuria Carriedo ◽  
Sergio Moreno ◽  
Philip N. Johnson-Laird
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
The Third ◽  
As If

We report research investigating the role of mental models in deduction. The first study deals with conjunctive inferences (from one conjunction and two conditional premises) and disjunctive inferences (from one disjunction and the same two conditionals). The second study examines reasoning from multiple conditionals such as: If e then b; If a then b; If b then c; What follows between a and c? The third study addresses reasoning from different sorts of conditional assertions, including conditionals based on if then, only if, and unless. The paper also presents research on figural effects in syllogistic reasoning, on the effects of structure and believability in reasoning from double conditionals, and on reasoning from factual, counterfactual, and semifactual conditionals. The findings of these studies support the model theory, pose some difficulties for rule theories, and show the influence on reasoning of the linguistic structure and the semantic content of problems.

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