Future changes in precipitation extremes over China using the NEX-GDDP high-resolution daily downscaled data-set

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.

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A high-resolution model of the inner organs based on the visible muman data set

Journal of Visualization ◽

10.1007/bf03182328 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 212-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

U. Tiede ◽

A. Pommert ◽

B. Pflesser ◽

E. Richter ◽

M. Riemer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Data Set ◽

Inner Organs ◽

Resolution Model ◽

High Resolution Model

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TNO-MACC_II emission inventory; a multi-year (2003–2009) consistent high-resolution European emission inventory for air quality modelling

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-14-10963-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (20) ◽

pp. 10963-10976 ◽

Cited By ~ 200

Author(s):

J. J. P. Kuenen ◽

A. J. H. Visschedijk ◽

M. Jozwicka ◽

H. A. C. Denier van der Gon

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

High Resolution ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Point Sources ◽

Air Quality Modelling ◽

Emission Data ◽

Data Set ◽

Spatially Distributed ◽

Reported Data

Abstract. Emissions to air are reported by countries to EMEP. The emissions data are used for country compliance checking with EU emission ceilings and associated emission reductions. The emissions data are also necessary as input for air quality modelling. The quality of these "official" emissions varies across Europe. As alternative to these official emissions, a spatially explicit high-resolution emission inventory (7 × 7 km) for UNECE-Europe for all years between 2003 and 2009 for the main air pollutants was made. The primary goal was to supply air quality modellers with the input they need. The inventory was constructed by using the reported emission national totals by sector where the quality is sufficient. The reported data were analysed by sector in detail, and completed with alternative emission estimates as needed. This resulted in a complete emission inventory for all countries. For particulate matter, for each source emissions have been split in coarse and fine particulate matter, and further disaggregated to EC, OC, SO4, Na and other minerals using fractions based on the literature. Doing this at the most detailed sectoral level in the database implies that a consistent set was obtained across Europe. This allows better comparisons with observational data which can, through feedback, help to further identify uncertain sources and/or support emission inventory improvements for this highly uncertain pollutant. The resulting emission data set was spatially distributed consistently across all countries by using proxy parameters. Point sources were spatially distributed using the specific location of the point source. The spatial distribution for the point sources was made year-specific. The TNO-MACC_II is an update of the TNO-MACC emission data set. Major updates included the time extension towards 2009, use of the latest available reported data (including updates and corrections made until early 2012) and updates in distribution maps.

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Elemental ratio measurements of organic compounds using aerosol mass spectrometry: characterization, improved calibration, and implications

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-15-253-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 253-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 418

Author(s):

M. R. Canagaratna ◽

J. L. Jimenez ◽

J. H. Kroll ◽

Q. Chen ◽

S. H. Kessler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Relative Difference ◽

Data Set ◽

Elemental Ratios ◽

Standard Data ◽

Aerosol Mass ◽

Relative Errors

Abstract. Elemental compositions of organic aerosol (OA) particles provide useful constraints on OA sources, chemical evolution, and effects. The Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) is widely used to measure OA elemental composition. This study evaluates AMS measurements of atomic oxygen-to-carbon (O : C), hydrogen-to-carbon (H : C), and organic mass-to-organic carbon (OM : OC) ratios, and of carbon oxidation state (OS C) for a vastly expanded laboratory data set of multifunctional oxidized OA standards. For the expanded standard data set, the method introduced by Aiken et al. (2008), which uses experimentally measured ion intensities at all ions to determine elemental ratios (referred to here as "Aiken-Explicit"), reproduces known O : C and H : C ratio values within 20% (average absolute value of relative errors) and 12%, respectively. The more commonly used method, which uses empirically estimated H2O+ and CO+ ion intensities to avoid gas phase air interferences at these ions (referred to here as "Aiken-Ambient"), reproduces O : C and H : C of multifunctional oxidized species within 28 and 14% of known values. The values from the latter method are systematically biased low, however, with larger biases observed for alcohols and simple diacids. A detailed examination of the H2O+, CO+, and CO2+ fragments in the high-resolution mass spectra of the standard compounds indicates that the Aiken-Ambient method underestimates the CO+ and especially H2O+ produced from many oxidized species. Combined AMS–vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) ionization measurements indicate that these ions are produced by dehydration and decarboxylation on the AMS vaporizer (usually operated at 600 °C). Thermal decomposition is observed to be efficient at vaporizer temperatures down to 200 °C. These results are used together to develop an "Improved-Ambient" elemental analysis method for AMS spectra measured in air. The Improved-Ambient method uses specific ion fragments as markers to correct for molecular functionality-dependent systematic biases and reproduces known O : C (H : C) ratios of individual oxidized standards within 28% (13%) of the known molecular values. The error in Improved-Ambient O : C (H : C) values is smaller for theoretical standard mixtures of the oxidized organic standards, which are more representative of the complex mix of species present in ambient OA. For ambient OA, the Improved-Ambient method produces O : C (H : C) values that are 27% (11%) larger than previously published Aiken-Ambient values; a corresponding increase of 9% is observed for OM : OC values. These results imply that ambient OA has a higher relative oxygen content than previously estimated. The OS C values calculated for ambient OA by the two methods agree well, however (average relative difference of 0.06 OS C units). This indicates that OS C is a more robust metric of oxidation than O : C, likely since OS C is not affected by hydration or dehydration, either in the atmosphere or during analysis.

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Study on the changes in the East Asian precipitation in the mid-1990s using a high-resolution global downscaled atmospheric data set

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1002/2013jd020903 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 119 (5) ◽

pp. 2279-2293 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eun-Chul Chang ◽

Sang-Wook Yeh ◽

Song-You Hong ◽

Jung-Eun Kim ◽

Renguang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

East Asian ◽

Data Set ◽

Atmospheric Data

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Continuous high-resolution midlatitude-belt simulations for July–August 2013 with WRF

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-10-2031-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 2031-2055 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Thomas Schwitalla ◽

Hans-Stefan Bauer ◽

Volker Wulfmeyer ◽

Kirsten Warrach-Sagi

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Land Surface ◽

Large Scale ◽

Temperature Fields ◽

Surface Model ◽

Limited Area ◽

Data Set ◽

Latitude Belt ◽

Simulated Precipitation ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Increasing computational resources and the demands of impact modelers, stake holders, and society envision seasonal and climate simulations with the convection-permitting resolution. So far such a resolution is only achieved with a limited-area model whose results are impacted by zonal and meridional boundaries. Here, we present the setup of a latitude-belt domain that reduces disturbances originating from the western and eastern boundaries and therefore allows for studying the impact of model resolution and physical parameterization. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled to the NOAH land–surface model was operated during July and August 2013 at two different horizontal resolutions, namely 0.03 (HIRES) and 0.12° (LOWRES). Both simulations were forced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis data at the northern and southern domain boundaries, and the high-resolution Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) data at the sea surface.The simulations are compared to the operational ECMWF analysis for the representation of large-scale features. To analyze the simulated precipitation, the operational ECMWF forecast, the CPC MORPHing (CMORPH), and the ENSEMBLES gridded observation precipitation data set (E-OBS) were used as references.Analyzing pressure, geopotential height, wind, and temperature fields as well as precipitation revealed (1) a benefit from the higher resolution concerning the reduction of monthly biases, root mean square error, and an improved Pearson skill score, and (2) deficiencies in the physical parameterizations leading to notable biases in distinct regions like the polar Atlantic for the LOWRES simulation, the North Pacific, and Inner Mongolia for both resolutions.In summary, the application of a latitude belt on a convection-permitting resolution shows promising results that are beneficial for future seasonal forecasting.

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High-resolution analysis of 1 day extreme precipitation in Sicily

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-15-2347-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 2347-2358 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Maugeri ◽

M. Brunetti ◽

M. Garzoglio ◽

C. Simolo

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Human Life ◽

Extreme Value Distribution ◽

Generalized Extreme Value Distribution ◽

Return Level ◽

Regional Frequency Analysis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Data Set ◽

High Quantiles

Abstract. Sicily, a major Mediterranean island, has experienced several exceptional precipitation episodes and floods during the last century, with serious damage to human life and the environment. Long-term, rational planning of urban development is indispensable to protect the population and to avoid huge economic losses in the future. This requires a thorough knowledge of the distributional features of extreme precipitation over the complex territory of Sicily. In this study, we perform a detailed investigation of observed 1 day precipitation extremes and their frequency distribution, based on a dense data set of high-quality, homogenized station records in 1921–2005. We estimate very high quantiles (return levels) corresponding to 10-, 50- and 100-year return periods, as predicted by a generalized extreme value distribution. Return level estimates are produced on a regular high-resolution grid (30 arcsec) using a variant of regional frequency analysis combined with regression techniques. Results clearly reflect the complexity of this region, and show the high vulnerability of its eastern and northeastern parts as those prone to the most intense and potentially damaging events.

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High-resolution glacial and deglacial record of atmospheric methane by continuous-flow and laser spectrometer analysis along the NEEM ice core

Climate of the Past ◽

10.5194/cp-9-2579-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 2579-2593 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

J. Chappellaz ◽

C. Stowasser ◽

T. Blunier ◽

D. Baslev-Clausen ◽

E. J. Brook ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Ice Core ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Atmospheric Methane ◽

Data Set ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Concentration Changes ◽

Cross Dating ◽

Laser Spectroscopic

Abstract. The Greenland NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) operation in 2010 provided the first opportunity to combine trace-gas measurements by laser spectroscopic instruments and continuous-flow analysis along a freshly drilled ice core in a field-based setting. We present the resulting atmospheric methane (CH4) record covering the time period from 107.7 to 9.5 ka b2k (thousand years before 2000 AD). Companion discrete CH4 measurements are required to transfer the laser spectroscopic data from a relative to an absolute scale. However, even on a relative scale, the high-resolution CH4 data set significantly improves our knowledge of past atmospheric methane concentration changes. New significant sub-millennial-scale features appear during interstadials and stadials, generally associated with similar changes in water isotopic ratios of the ice, a proxy for local temperature. In addition to the midpoint of Dansgaard–Oeschger (D/O) CH4 transitions usually used for cross-dating, sharp definition of the start and end of these events brings precise depth markers (with ±20 cm uncertainty) for further cross-dating with other palaeo- or ice core records, e.g. speleothems. The method also provides an estimate of CH4 rates of change. The onsets of D/O events in the methane signal show a more rapid rate of change than their endings. The rate of CH4 increase associated with the onsets of D/O events progressively declines from 1.7 to 0.6 ppbv yr−1 in the course of marine isotope stage 3. The largest observed rate of increase takes place at the onset of D/O event #21 and reaches 2.5 ppbv yr−1.

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Calculating uncertainty for the RICE ice core continuous flow analysis water isotope record

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-11-4725-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 4725-4736 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elizabeth D. Keller ◽

W. Troy Baisden ◽

Nancy A. N. Bertler ◽

B. Daniel Emanuelsson ◽

Silvia Canessa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Ice Core ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Calibration Error ◽

Data Set ◽

Total Uncertainty ◽

Continuous Flow Analysis ◽

Uncertainty Estimates ◽

Water Isotope

Abstract. We describe a systematic approach to the calibration and uncertainty estimation of a high-resolution continuous flow analysis (CFA) water isotope (δ2H, δ18O) record from the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) Antarctic ice core. Our method establishes robust uncertainty estimates for CFA δ2H and δ18O measurements, comparable to those reported for discrete sample δ2H and δ18O analysis. Data were calibrated using a time-weighted two-point linear calibration with two standards measured both before and after continuously melting 3 or 4 m of ice core. The error at each data point was calculated as the quadrature sum of three factors: Allan variance error, scatter over our averaging interval (error of the variance) and calibration error (error of the mean). Final mean total uncertainty for the entire record is δ2H=0.74 ‰ and δ18O=0.21 ‰. Uncertainties vary through the data set and were exacerbated by a range of factors, which typically could not be isolated due to the requirements of the multi-instrument CFA campaign. These factors likely occurred in combination and included ice quality, ice breaks, upstream equipment failure, contamination with drill fluid and leaks or valve degradation. We demonstrate that our methodology for documenting uncertainty was effective across periods of uneven system performance and delivered a significant achievement in the precision of high-resolution CFA water isotope measurements.

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