Structural equation models to analyze activity participation, trip generation, and mode choice of low-income commuters

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Cheng ◽  
Xuewu Chen ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Jingxian Wu ◽  
Min Yang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Activity Participation ◽  
Trip Generation

scholarly journals Individuals’ Demand for Ride-hailing Services: Investigating the Combined Effects of Attitudinal Factors, Land Use, and Travel Attributes on Demand for App-based Taxis in Tehran, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Etminani-Ghasrodashti ◽  
Shima Hamidi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Travel Mode ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
Transportation Mode Choice

Despite the growing body of research on ride-hailing travel behaviors in Western countries, empirical evidence for changes in travel patterns resulting from the use of app-based services in developing countries remains rare. This study explores factors affecting an Iranian on-demand ride service called Snapp Taxi by using a comprehensive dataset collected from 22 municipality zones in metropolitan Tehran (N = 582). Our conceptual framework emphasizes the transportation mode choice effects of technology adoption, travel mode, ride-sourcing attributes, individual attitudes, land use measures, residential attributes, and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. Results from Structural Equation Models (SEM) show that factors such as cost effectiveness, trip security, anti-shared mobility, and technology-oriented riders have a significant impact on travel mode choice and the frequency of ride-hailing trips. This study suggests that individuals who prefer driving and semi-public transit also have higher numbers of Snapp trips than other demographics. According to our findings, on-demand ride services could complement or compete with other modes of transport, especially in areas with limited access to public transit. However, the presence of ride-hailing services does not necessarily result in fewer car trips if the service operates as a private (single-party occupancy) vehicle and not as a shared mobility option.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, Cognitions, and Emotions

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Pegah Khoshpouri ◽  
Hamid Chalian
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Gap ◽  
Cancer Beliefs ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Aim: To determine whether socioeconomic status (SES; educational attainment and income) explains the racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in a national sample of American adults. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, data came from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017, which included a nationally representative sample of American adults. The study enrolled 2277 adults who were either non-Hispanic Black (n = 409) or non-Hispanic White (n = 1868). Race, demographic factors (age and gender), SES (i.e., educational attainment and income), health access (insurance status, usual source of care), family history of cancer, fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries were measured. We ran structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis. Results: Race and SES were associated with perceived risk of cancer, cancer worries, and fatalistic cancer beliefs, suggesting that non-Hispanic Blacks, low educational attainment and low income were associated with higher fatalistic cancer beliefs, lower perceived risk of cancer, and less cancer worries. Educational attainment and income only partially mediated the effects of race on cancer beliefs, emotions, and cognitions. Race was directly associated with fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries, net of SES. Conclusions: Racial gap in SES is not the only reason behind racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions. Racial gap in cancer related beliefs, emotions, and cognitions is the result of race and SES rather than race or SES. Elimination of racial gap in socioeconomic status will not be enough for elimination of racial disparities in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in the United States.

Disentangling food insecurity and maternal depression: Which comes first?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Layton Reesor-Oyer ◽  
Aliye B. Cepni ◽  
Che Young Lee ◽  
Xue Zhao ◽  
Daphne C. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective: To determine the temporal directionality of the association between food insecurity and maternal depression. Design: Food insecurity was measured at two time points using the 18-item USDA Food Security Scale. Maternal depression was measured at two time points using the 15-item Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. Two structural equation models were utilized to evaluate the impact of food insecurity on maternal depression (model 1) and the impact of maternal depression on food insecurity (model 2). Both models controlled for socio-demographic and parenting characteristics and child behavior problems, along with prior measures of the dependent variable, concurrent measures of the independent variable. Setting: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) study, 20 cities across the United States Participants: 4,897 mothers who participated in two waves of the FFCW study. Results: On average, 17% (time 1) and 15% (time 2) of mothers experienced food insecurity and 21% (time 1) and 17% (time 2) of mothers experienced depression over time. Maternal depression at time 1 was associated with 53% increased odds (OR=1.53; B=0.43; p <.001) of food insecurity at time 2, controlling for time 1 food insecurity, concurrent depression, and covariates. Food insecurity at time 1 was associated with 36% increased odds (OR=1.36; B=0.31; p <.001) of maternal depression at time 2, controlling for time 1 depression, concurrent food insecurity, and covariates. Conclusions: We found a bidirectional relationship between food insecurity and maternal depression. A holistic approach that combines food assistance and mental health services may be an efficacious approach to reducing both depressive symptoms food insecurity among low-income mothers.

scholarly journals Income gradients within child and adolescent antisocial behaviours

2015 ◽  
Vol 207 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja J. Piotrowska ◽  
Christopher B. Stride ◽  
Barbara Maughan ◽  
Robert Goodman ◽  
Liz McCaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Behavioural Difficulties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses

BackgroundLow income is a widely studied risk factor for child and adolescent behavioural difficulties. Previous research on this relationship has produced mixed findings.AimsTo investigate the level, shape and homogeneity of income gradients in different types of antisocial behaviour.MethodA representative sample of 7977 British children and adolescents, aged 5–16 years, was analysed. Hypotheses concerning the shapes and homogeneity of the relationships between family socioeconomic status and multiple antisocial behaviour outcomes, including clinical diagnoses of oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder and symptom subscales, such as irritability and hurtfulness, were tested by structural equation models.ResultsConsistent income gradients were demonstrated across all antisocial behaviours studied. Disorder prevalence and mean symptom counts decreased across income quintiles in a non-linear fashion.ConclusionsOur findings emphasise that income gradients are similar across different forms of antisocial behaviour and indicate that income may lead to greater behavioural differences in the mid-income range and less variation at low- and high-income extremes.

scholarly journals Household income predicts trajectories of child internalizing and externalizing behavior in high-, middle-, and low-income countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Lansford ◽  
Patrick S. Malone ◽  
Sombat Tapanya ◽  
Liliana Maria Uribe Tirado ◽  
Arnaldo Zelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

This study examined longitudinal links between household income and parents’ education and children’s trajectories of internalizing and externalizing behaviors from age 8 to 10 reported by mothers, fathers, and children. Longitudinal data from 1,190 families in 11 cultural groups in eight countries (Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and United States) were included. Multigroup structural equation models revealed that household income, but not maternal or paternal education, was related to trajectories of mother-, father-, and child-reported internalizing and externalizing problems in each of the 11 cultural groups. Our findings highlight that in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, socioeconomic risk is related to children’s internalizing and externalizing problems, extending the international focus beyond children’s physical health to their emotional and behavioral development.

Structural Equation Models of Day-to-Day Activity Participation and Travel Behavior in a Developing Country

2002 ◽  
Vol 1807 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hyuk Chung ◽  
Yongsung Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Activity Participation

A series of structural equation models are presented that capture relationships among sociodemographics, activity participation (time use), and travel behavior for each day during a week in a developing country (Korea). Complex and strong relationships among the endogenous and exogenous variables are explained. In addition, results are similar to findings in the existing literature in developed countries such as European countries and the United States. It is temporarily concluded that there are similar relationships between sociodemographics and travel behavior in developing and developed countries. It is also confirmed that activity patterns are significantly different on weekdays and weekends. Furthermore, during weekdays there are some day-to-day variations in the patterns of activity participation and travel behavior. Finally, the relationships among sociodemographics, activity participation, and travel behavior from the direct, indirect, and total effects in structural equation model systems are presented and explained. This study may contribute to an understanding of travel behavior in developing countries.

scholarly journals Activity-Trip Chaining Behavior of Urban Low-Income Populations in Nanjing, China: A Structural Equations Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhaoming Chu ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Lin Cheng ◽  
Xuewu Chen ◽  
Senlai Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Travel Survey ◽  
Household Characteristics ◽  
Activity Duration ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Nanjing City

This paper analyzes the activity-trip chaining behavior of urban low-income populations in Nanjing, China, based on a specific travel survey of low-income residents of Nanjing city (2010), and the database of residents travel survey of Nanjing city (2009). Individual’s information of activity participation and trip chains is extracted from the daily travel diary and matched with individual and household characteristics. On top of correlation analysis and normalization process, using the software AMOS, two structural equation models are formulated to analyze the relationship among individuals’ sociodemographics, activity duration, and trip chains of low-income populations and non-low-income populations, respectively. Seven household characteristics and six individual characteristics are chosen as the exogenous variables, while 4 indices of activity duration and 4 indices of trip chains are sleeted as the endogenous variables. The result shows that the activity-travel behavior of urban low-income populations is quite unique, which offers promising insights into activity-trip chaining behavior of the poor and extends the need to crafting effective transportation policies specifically for urban low-income populations in developing countries.

Measuring the Big Five in Self-Report and Other Ratings

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Barbaranelli ◽  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fit Indexes ◽  
Response Modes

Summary: The aim of the study is to assess the construct validity of two different measures of the Big Five, matching two “response modes” (phrase-questionnaire and list of adjectives) and two sources of information or raters (self-report and other ratings). Two-hundred subjects, equally divided in males and females, were administered the self-report versions of the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and the Big Five Observer (BFO), a list of bipolar pairs of adjectives ( Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1993 , 1994 ). Every subject was rated by six acquaintances, then aggregated by means of the same instruments used for the self-report, but worded in a third-person format. The multitrait-multimethod matrix derived from these measures was then analyzed via Structural Equation Models according to the criteria proposed by Widaman (1985) , Marsh (1989) , and Bagozzi (1994) . In particular, four different models were compared. While the global fit indexes of the models were only moderate, convergent and discriminant validities were clearly supported, and method and error variance were moderate or low.

Collective Efficacy and Organizational Commitment in an Italian City Hall

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Borgogni ◽  
Silvia Dello Russo ◽  
Laura Petitta ◽  
Gary P. Latham
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Italian City ◽  
Public Sector Managers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Group

Employees (N = 170) of a City Hall in Italy were administered a questionnaire measuring collective efficacy (CE), perceptions of context (PoC), and organizational commitment (OC). Two facets of collective efficacy were identified, namely group and organizational. Structural equation models revealed that perceptions of top management display a stronger relationship with organizational collective efficacy, whereas employees’ perceptions of their colleagues and their direct superior are related to collective efficacy at the group level. Group collective efficacy had a stronger relationship with affective organizational commitment than did organizational collective efficacy. The theoretical significance of this study is in showing that CE is two-dimensional rather than unidimensional. The practical significance of this finding is that the PoC model provides a framework that public sector managers can use to increase the efficacy of the organization as a whole as well as the individual groups that compose it.

A Cautionary Note on Incremental Fit Indices Reported by LISREL

Methodology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Jochen Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Abstract. Incremental fit indices (IFIs) are regularly used when assessing the fit of structural equation models. IFIs are based on the comparison of the fit of a target model with that of a null model. For maximum-likelihood estimation, IFIs are usually computed by using the χ2 statistics of the maximum-likelihood fitting function (ML-χ2). However, LISREL recently changed the computation of IFIs. Since version 8.52, IFIs reported by LISREL are based on the χ2 statistics of the reweighted least squares fitting function (RLS-χ2). Although both functions lead to the same maximum-likelihood parameter estimates, the two χ2 statistics reach different values. Because these differences are especially large for null models, IFIs are affected in particular. Consequently, RLS-χ2 based IFIs in combination with conventional cut-off values explored for ML-χ2 based IFIs may lead to a wrong acceptance of models. We demonstrate this point by a confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 2449 subjects.

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