Aprosopia/holoprosencephaly in a stillborn puppy: when the face predicts the brain

Sleep must serve an essential, universal function, one that offsets the risk of being disconnected from the environment. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) is an attempt to identify this essential function. Its core claim is that sleep is needed to reestablish synaptic homeostasis, which is challenged by the remarkable plasticity of the brain. In other words, sleep is “the price we pay for plasticity.” In this issue, M. G. Frank reviewed several aspects of the hypothesis and raised several issues. The comments below provide a brief summary of the motivations underlying SHY and clarify that SHY is a hypothesis not about specific mechanisms, but about a universal, essential function of sleep. This function is the preservation of synaptic homeostasis in the face of a systematic bias toward a net increase in synaptic strength—a challenge that is posed by learning during adult wake, and by massive synaptogenesis during development.

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Preserving Integrity in the Face of Performance Threat

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797612448483 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 1455-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Lisa Legault ◽

Timour Al-Khindi ◽

Michael Inzlicht

Keyword(s):

Error Detection ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Error Related Negativity ◽

Threatening Information ◽

Electrophysiological Responses ◽

The Face ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

Self-affirmation produces large effects: Even a simple reminder of one’s core values reduces defensiveness against threatening information. But how, exactly, does self-affirmation work? We explored this question by examining the impact of self-affirmation on neurophysiological responses to threatening events. We hypothesized that because self-affirmation increases openness to threat and enhances approachability of unfavorable feedback, it should augment attention and emotional receptivity to performance errors. We further hypothesized that this augmentation could be assessed directly, at the level of the brain. We measured self-affirmed and nonaffirmed participants’ electrophysiological responses to making errors on a task. As we anticipated, self-affirmation elicited greater error responsiveness than did nonaffirmation, as indexed by the error-related negativity, a neural signal of error monitoring. Self-affirmed participants also performed better on the task than did nonaffirmed participants. We offer novel brain evidence that self-affirmation increases openness to threat and discuss the role of error detection in the link between self-affirmation and performance.

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NEUROTROPHIC ULCERATION OF THE FACE WITH EROSION OF THE ALA NASI IN VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE BRAIN-STEM.

British Journal of Dermatology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2133.1966.tb14686.x ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 78 (6) ◽

pp. 322-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. G. FREEMAN

Keyword(s):

Brain Stem ◽

Vascular Disorders ◽

The Face ◽

The Brain

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INTELLECTUAL DISTRACTION FOR DYSMENORRHEA

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) ◽

10.29082/ijnms/2018/vol2/iss03/168 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (03) ◽

pp. 228-233

Author(s):

Veryudha Eka Prameswari ◽

ASIROTUL MAâ€™RIFAH ◽

NANING PUJI SURYANTINI ◽

INDAH KUSMINDART

Keyword(s):

Middle School ◽

Young Women ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Normality Test ◽

Face Pain ◽

The Face ◽

Group Population ◽

The Brain

Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual problem that usually occurs in young women. When dysmenorrhea, interferes with activity, non-pharmacological treatment will be an alternative to reduce dysmenorrhea. One way to deal with pain in a non-pharmacological way is by intellectual distraction, with the theory of reticular activation, which can inhibit pain stimulation when a person receives adequate or excessive sensory input, which results in the inhibition of pain impulses to the brain. Intellectual distraction techniques include filling in crosswords, playing cards, doing hobbies (in bed) such as collecting stamps, writing stories. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of intellectual disorders in reducing dysmenorrhea in young women. This study uses a design that is Quasi-Experiment with a pretest and posttest design without a control group. Population In this study were 122 female students from Mojoanyar Middle School. The sample in this study were all students of Mojoanyar Middle School who experienced dysmenorrhoea who had fulfilled the inclusion criteria of 23 respondents. The tool used to determine changes in the level of pain of respondents is the Face pain rating. The intervention provided was that respondents were asked to fill in the TTS. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS data normality test using the Wilcoxon test with SPSS 23 for Windows. And it was found that before less than half (43.5%) of Intellectual Distraction or 10 respondents experienced mild pain, whereas after being given Intellectual Distraction less than half (34.8%) or 8 respondents experienced mild and moderate pain and no more respondents experienced very severe pain. Therefore young women need to reduce the intensity of menstrual pain by providing Intellectual Distractions techniques with crosswords and accessing them can be through cellphones

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Transmitting and Decoding Facial Expressions

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00801.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 184-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 345

Author(s):

Marie L. Smith ◽

Garrison W. Cottrell ◽

FrédéAric Gosselin ◽

Philippe G. Schyns

Keyword(s):

Facial Expression ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Human Face ◽

The Face ◽

The Brain

This article examines the human face as a transmitter of expression signals and the brain as a decoder of these expression signals. If the face has evolved to optimize transmission of such signals, the basic facial expressions should have minimal overlap in their information. If the brain has evolved to optimize categorization of expressions, it should be efficient with the information available from the transmitter for the task. In this article, we characterize the information underlying the recognition of the six basic facial expression signals and evaluate how efficiently each expression is decoded by the underlying brain structures.

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STURGE WEBER SYNDROME- A RARE CASE REPORT ORIGINAL

10.36106/ijar/9502925 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 4-5

Author(s):

Om Prakash Singh ◽

Vikas Kumar ◽

Pushp Kant Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Rare Case ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Port Wine ◽

Occipital Area ◽

Weber Syndrome ◽

Rare Case Report ◽

The Face ◽

Sturge Weber Syndrome ◽

The Brain ◽

Embryonic Vessels

Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS) is one of the encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis and one of the important segmental vascular neurocutaneous disorders .The occurrence is not very uncommon and the prevalence is 1:20000 to 1:50000.(1) SWS occurs due to the presence of residual embryonic vessels . The various signs and symptoms include capillary malformation in the face a port wine birthmark and similar malformation in the brain involving leptomeniges as well as blood vessels of the eye causing glaucoma. The patient presents with seizures , hemiparesis and stroke like symptoms, headaches and developmental delay.(2) The imaging nding in SWS children is the calcication in the parietal and occipital area of the brain. The EEG ndings in SWS are the attenuation and the excess of slow activities.We are presenting here a rare case of , a fourteen year old male child who presented to our emergency department with status epilepticus. The aim of presenting this case is to share the classical presentation and the challenges involved in the management

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Expectedness

Five Constraints on Predicting Behavior ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036528.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jerome Kagan

Keyword(s):

Semantic Category ◽

Locus Ceruleus ◽

Unexpected Event ◽

Psychological States ◽

The Face ◽

The Difference ◽

The One ◽

Oscillation Frequencies ◽

The Brain ◽

Speed And Accuracy

This chapter analyzes how subject expectations affect all brain measures. An expectation of pain, a difficult task, an unpleasant picture, an air puff to the face, the sound of hands clapping, a metaphorical sentence, a caress, cocaine, an exemplar of a semantic category, or the benefit of a medicine each affects brain profiles as well as the speed and accuracy of perceptions. Meanwhile, unexpected events activate many brain sites, but especially the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, and locus ceruleus. The difference in the oscillation frequencies evoked by the event anticipated and the one that occurs may be a critical cause of these activations. The brain and psychological states generated by an unexpected event depend on its desirability and familiarity.

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Nascent Access Technologies for Individuals with Severe Motor Impairments

Assistive Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4422-9.ch036 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 720-739

Author(s):

Sarah Power ◽

Saba Moghimi ◽

Brian Nhan ◽

Tom Chau

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Severe Disabilities ◽

Motor Impairments ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Severe Motor ◽

The Face ◽

Physical Access ◽

Number Of Individuals ◽

The Brain

As the number of individuals without physical access to communication or environmental interaction escalates, there are increasing efforts to uncover novel and unconventional access pathways. In this chapter, we introduce three emerging access technologies for individuals with severe disabilities: near-infrared spectroscopy, electroencephalographic measurement of visually-evoked potentials and infrared thermographic imaging of the face. The first two technologies harness activity directly from the brain while the third exploits spontaneous temperature changes in the face. For each technology, we discuss the physiological underpinnings, the requisite instrumentation, the scientific evidence to date and the future outlook.

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Face and Hands

The Empathic Screen ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198793533.003.0005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 145-180

Author(s):

Vittorio Gallese ◽

Michele Guerra

Keyword(s):

Social Perception ◽

Somatosensory System ◽

Embodied Simulation ◽

Sense Of Presence ◽

The Social ◽

The Face ◽

The Brain

This chapter discusses close-ups of the face and body in relation to film and neuroscience. The subheadings are “Touching in the mirror,” which introduces and discusses the opening scenes of Ingmar Bergman’s Persona; “The somatosensory system and multimodality,” which addresses the notion of multimodality, and explains how the brain processes touch and pain; “The social perception of touch,” provides an overview of how the brain processes the vision of touch; “Feeling the film,” in which scenes from Jean Luc Godard’s Une Femme Mariée are analyzed and a suggestion provided for approaching the notion of “haptic vision,” discussed by film theorists, from a neuroscientific perspective; and “Animations,” in which the authors propose that their model of embodied simulation can be used to explain the sense of presence generated by animation films, analyzing Jan Švankmajer’s films and Pixar’s Toy Story.

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