scholarly journals Pathogens and polymers: Microbe–host interactions illuminate the cytoskeleton

2011 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cat M. Haglund ◽  
Matthew D. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cytoskeletal Function ◽  
Common Target

Intracellular pathogens subvert the host cell cytoskeleton to promote their own survival, replication, and dissemination. Study of these microbes has led to many discoveries about host cell biology, including the identification of cytoskeletal proteins, regulatory pathways, and mechanisms of cytoskeletal function. Actin is a common target of bacterial pathogens, but recent work also highlights the use of microtubules, cytoskeletal motors, intermediate filaments, and septins. The study of pathogen interactions with the cytoskeleton has illuminated key cellular processes such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, membrane trafficking, motility, autophagy, and signal transduction.

scholarly journals Evolutionary cell biology: functional insight from “endless forms most beautiful”

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (25) ◽  
pp. 4532-4538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Richardson ◽  
Kelly Zerr ◽  
Anastasios Tsaousis ◽  
Richard G. Dorrell ◽  
Joel B. Dacks
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Eukaryotic Diversity ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
True Diversity ◽  
General Scientific

In animal and fungal model organisms, the complexities of cell biology have been analyzed in exquisite detail and much is known about how these organisms function at the cellular level. However, the model organisms cell biologists generally use include only a tiny fraction of the true diversity of eukaryotic cellular forms. The divergent cellular processes observed in these more distant lineages are still largely unknown in the general scientific community. Despite the relative obscurity of these organisms, comparative studies of them across eukaryotic diversity have had profound implications for our understanding of fundamental cell biology in all species and have revealed the evolution and origins of previously observed cellular processes. In this Perspective, we will discuss the complexity of cell biology found across the eukaryotic tree, and three specific examples of where studies of divergent cell biology have altered our understanding of key functional aspects of mitochondria, plastids, and membrane trafficking.

Visualizing membrane trafficking using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Optical Resolution ◽  
Internal Reflection ◽  
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Excitable Cells ◽  
Cellular Processes

There is a dizzying array of fluorescent probes now commercially available to monitor cellular processes, and advances in molecular biology have highlighted the ease with which proteins can now be labelled with fluorophores without loss of functionality. This has led to an explosion in the popularity of fluorescence microscopy techniques. One such specialized technique, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIR-FM), is ideally suited to gaining insight into events occurring at, or close to, the plasma membrane of live cells with excellent optical resolution. In the last few years, the application of TIR-FM to membrane trafficking events in both non-excitable and excitable cells has been an area of notable expansion and fruition. This review gives a brief overview of that literature, with emphasis on the study of the regulation of exocytosis and endocytosis in excitable cells using TIR-FM. Finally, recent applications of TIR-FM to the study of cellular processes at the molecular level are discussed briefly, providing promise that the future of TIR-FM in cell biology will only get brighter.

scholarly journals Legionella pneumophila regulates host cell motility by targeting Phldb2 with a 14-3-3ζ-dependent protease effector

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Song ◽  
Jingjing Luo ◽  
Dan Huang ◽  
Yunhao Tan ◽  
Yao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Motility ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Ph Domain ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Common Target

The cytoskeleton network of eukaryotic cells is essential for diverse cellular processes, including vesicle trafficking, cell motility and immunity, thus is a common target for bacterial virulence factors. A number of effectors from the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila have been shown to modulate the function of host actin cytoskeleton to construct the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) permissive for its intracellular replication. In this study, we identified the Dot/Icm effector Lem8 (Lpg1290) as a protease that interferes with host motility. We show that the protease activity of Lem8 is catalyzed by a Cys-His-Asp motif known to be associated with diverse biochemical activities. Intriguingly, we found that Lem8 interacts with the host regulatory protein 14-3-3ζ, which activates its protease activity. Furthermore, Lem8 undergoes self-cleavage in a process that requires 14-3-3ζ. We identified the PH domain-containing protein Phldb2 involved in cell migration as a target of Lem8 and demonstrate that Lem8 plays a role in the inhibition of host cell migration. Our results reveal a novel mechanism of inhibiting host cell motility by L. pneumophila for its virulence.

FYVE-finger proteins--effectors of an inositol lipid

1999 ◽  
Vol 112 (23) ◽  
pp. 4175-4183 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Stenmark ◽  
R. Aasland
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Membrane Recruitment ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Receptor Signalling ◽  
Cytoskeletal Function ◽  
Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Review Current

The binding of cytosolic proteins to specific intracellular membranes containing phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is a common theme in vital cellular processes, such as cytoskeletal function, receptor signalling and membrane trafficking. Recently, several potential effectors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase product PtdIns 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) have emerged through the observation that a conserved zinc-finger-like domain, the FYVE-finger, binds specifically to this lipid. Here we review current knowledge about the structural basis for the FYVE-PtdIns(3)P interaction, its role in membrane recruitment of proteins and the functions of FYVE-finger proteins in membrane trafficking and other cellular processes.

scholarly journals The low complexity regions in the C-terminus are essential for the subcellular localisation of Leishmania casein kinase 1 but not for its activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Martel ◽  
Stewart Pine ◽  
Katharina Bartsch ◽  
Joachim Clos ◽  
Gerald F. Späth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Subcellular Localisation ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

AbstractCasein Kinase 1 (CK1) family members are serine/threonine protein kinases ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic organisms. They are involved in a wide range of important cellular processes, such as membrane trafficking, or vesicular transport in organisms from yeast to humans. Due to its broad spectrum of action, CK1 activity and expression is tightly regulated by a number of mechanisms, including subcellular sequestration. Defects in CK1 regulation, localisation or the introduction of mutations in the CK1 coding sequence are often associated with important diseases such as cancer. Increasing evidence suggest that the manipulation of host cell CK1 signalling pathways by intracellular pathogens, either by exploiting the host CK1 or by exporting the CK1 of the pathogen into the host cell may play an important role in infectious diseases. Leishmania CK1.2 is essential for parasite survival and released into the host cell, playing an important role in host pathogen interactions. Although Leishmania CK1.2 has dual role in the parasite and in the host cell, nothing is known about its parasitic localisation and organelle-specific functions. In this study, we show that CK1.2 is a ubiquitous kinase, which is present in the cytoplasm, associated to the cytoskeleton and localised to various organelles, indicating potential roles in kinetoplast and nuclear segregation, as well as ribosomal processing and motility. Furthermore, using truncated mutants, we show for the first time that the two low complexity regions (LCR) present in the C-terminus of CK1.2 are essential for the subcellular localisation of CK1.2 but not for its kinase activity, whereas the deletion of the N-terminus leads to a dramatic decrease in CK1.2 abundance. In conclusion, our data on the localisation and regulation of Leishmania CK1.2 contribute to increase the knowledge on this essential kinase and get insights into its role in the parasite.

scholarly journals Cell Biology of Viral Infections

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Lozach
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Host Cell Interactions

Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity, as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This special issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus-host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections, but also include novel technological developments.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the Host Ubiquitin System: Means by Legionella pneumophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Luo ◽  
Lidong Wang ◽  
Lei Song ◽  
Zhao-Qing Luo
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Intracellular Pathogen ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Ubiquitin System ◽  
Common Target

Ubiquitination is a commonly used post-translational modification (PTM) in eukaryotic cells, which regulates a wide variety of cellular processes, such as differentiation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and immunity. Because of its essential role in immunity, the ubiquitin network is a common target of infectious agents, which have evolved various effective strategies to hijack and co-opt ubiquitin signaling for their benefit. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila represents one such example; it utilizes a large cohort of virulence factors called effectors to modulate diverse cellular processes, resulting in the formation a compartment called the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) that supports its replication. Many of these effectors function to re-orchestrate ubiquitin signaling with distinct biochemical activities. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the mechanism of action of L. pneumophila effectors involved in ubiquitination and discuss their roles in bacterial virulence and host cell biology.

scholarly journals Modulation of Endosome Function, Vesicle Trafficking and Autophagy by Human Herpesviruses

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Eduardo I. Tognarelli ◽  
Antonia Reyes ◽  
Nicolás Corrales ◽  
Leandro J. Carreño ◽  
Susan M. Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Host Determinants ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

Human herpesviruses are a ubiquitous family of viruses that infect individuals of all ages and are present at a high prevalence worldwide. Herpesviruses are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from skin and mucosal lesions to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis, and some of them, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), are known to be oncogenic. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that some herpesviruses may be associated with developing neurodegenerative diseases. These viruses can establish lifelong infections in the host and remain in a latent state with periodic reactivations. To achieve infection and yield new infectious viral particles, these viruses require and interact with molecular host determinants for supporting their replication and spread. Important sets of cellular factors involved in the lifecycle of herpesviruses are those participating in intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, as well as autophagic-based organelle recycling processes. These cellular processes are required by these viruses for cell entry and exit steps. Here, we review and discuss recent findings related to how herpesviruses exploit vesicular trafficking and autophagy components by using both host and viral gene products to promote the import and export of infectious viral particles from and to the extracellular environment. Understanding how herpesviruses modulate autophagy, endolysosomal and secretory pathways, as well as other prominent trafficking vesicles within the cell, could enable the engineering of novel antiviral therapies to treat these viruses and counteract their negative health effects.

scholarly journals Integrated genomic analysis reveals regulatory pathways and dynamic landscapes of the tRNA transcriptome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zefang Sun ◽  
Jia Tan ◽  
Minqiong Zhao ◽  
Qiyao Peng ◽  
Mingqing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dynamic Landscapes ◽  
Rna Fragments ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
New Algorithms

AbstracttRNAs and tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) play various roles in many cellular processes outside of protein synthesis. However, comprehensive investigations of tRNA/tRF regulation are rare. In this study, we used new algorithms to extensively analyze the publicly available data from 1332 ChIP-Seq and 42 small-RNA-Seq experiments in human cell lines and tissues to investigate the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms of tRNAs. We found that histone acetylation, cAMP, and pluripotency pathways play important roles in the regulation of the tRNA gene transcription in a cell-specific manner. Analysis of RNA-Seq data identified 950 high-confidence tRFs, and the results suggested that tRNA pools are dramatically distinct across the samples in terms of expression profiles and tRF composition. The mismatch analysis identified new potential modification sites and specific modification patterns in tRNA families. The results also show that RNA library preparation technologies have a considerable impact on tRNA profiling and need to be optimized in the future.

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