scholarly journals SOME CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE INTRACELLULAR ARRANGEMENT AND CONCENTRATION OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS PARTICLES IN LOCAL LESIONS

1967 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Weintraub ◽  
H. W. Ragetli ◽  
V. T. John
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Local Lesions

Tobacco mosaic virus particles were found in small packets and in small numbers, with the electron microscope, in necrotic leaf cells of Nicotiana glutinosa when the samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde and postfixed in OsO4, and the sections were stained with heavy metals. The numbers and size of the virus packets were increased greatly when the leaves were detached from the plant after inoculation Assay of concentration showed that detachment resulted in a 30-fold increase of virus. A similar increase in the number of virus particles detected by electron microscopy was produced by keeping inoculated plants at an air temperature of 26°C. A still greater increase in concentration was effected by incubating detached inoculated leaves at 26°C. Moreover the arrangement of virus particles in these cells resembled that of a systemic virus infection. Cells in local lesions of Chenopodium amaranticolor contained large numbers of virus particles both as packets and in the loose arrangement characteristic of systemic infection. Neither the number of particles nor their arrangement was affected in this host by detaching the leaf or by changing the air temperature. It is suggested that there may be two types of localized virus infections, one of which produces virus in low concentration and is amenable to changes in virus concentration and arrangement as a result of environmental manipulation.

Local lesions as sources of biologically pure strains of tobacco mosaic virus

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Boxall ◽  
B. H. MacNeill
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Local Lesion ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Local Lesions

The integrity of the local-lesion technique in producing genetically homogeneous isolates of tobacco mosaic virus from Nicotiana glutinosa has been verified using strains doubly labeled with genetic markers governing symptomatology and host range.

scholarly journals Dianthins, ribosome-damaging proteins with anti-viral properties from Dianthus caryophyllus L. (carnation)

1981 ◽  
Vol 195 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Stirpe ◽  
D G Williams ◽  
L J Onyon ◽  
R F Legg ◽  
W A Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Inhibit Protein Synthesis ◽  
Equimolar Ratio ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Rabbit Reticulocytes

1. Dianthin 30 and dianthin 32, two proteins isolated from the leaves of Diathus caryophyllus (carnation), were purified to homogeneity by chromatography on CM-cellulose. 2. The mol.wt. of dianthin 30 is 29 500 and that of dianthin 32 is 31 700. Both dianthins are glycoproteins containing mannose. 3. Dianthins inhibit protein synthesis in a lysate of rabbit reticulocytes, with an ID50 (concentration giving 50% inhibition) of 9.15 ng/ml (dianthin 30) and 3.6 ng/ml (dianthin 32). They act by damaging ribosomes in a less-than-equimolar ratio. Protein synthesis by intact cells is partially inhibited by dianthins at a concentration of 100 microgram/ml. 4. Dianthins mixed with tobacco-mosaic virus strongly decrease the number of local lesions on leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature and Zinc on Development of Tobacco-Mosaic Virus in Resistant and Susceptible Tomatoes

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-132
Author(s):  
Justo López García
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
The Common

An investigation of the effects of temperature and of zinc on the development of tobacco-mosaic virus (TMV) in resistant and susceptible varieties of tomatoes was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The study included two experiments, one run during late winter and early spring, and the other during late spring and summer, 1963. Each experiment comprised four treatments and two temperatures. The tomato lines Hawaii 6832, OSU-8, and California 62 PM 22 were used as resistant varieties, whereas the OSU-435-4 line was used as the susceptible one. The common strain of tobacco-mosaic virus was used in this study. Zinc foliar sprays were applied to the tomato plants about 10 days before the seedlings were inoculated with TMV. Immediately after inoculation the plants were divided into two lots and moved to the two temperature houses (cool and hot). The virus concentration was determined by the local lesion assay. One gram of leaf tissue from the tomato plants was ground in a mortar with pestle and a 10-ml. buffer solution added. The extracted sap was squeezed through cheesecloth. One carborundum-dusted leaf of Necrotic Turk tobacco was inoculated. The local lesions were subsequently counted and used as a criterium. Increase in temperature tended to increase virus concentration, although the differences were not significant. Fresh weights of the tomato plants were found to be greater at lower temperatures. Zinc foliar sprays resulted in higher virus concentration and in production of an increased number of local lesions when the inoculum prepared from such treated plants was rubbed into Necrotic Turk tobacco leaves. Effects of zinc on fresh weights were not statistically significant. Zinc applied as foliar sprays appeared to be involved in virus synthesis and multiplication, with higher virus concentrations associated with the addition of zinc. The varieties Hawaii 6832 and OSU-8 were highly resistant, the variety California 62 PM 22 was heterozygous for resistance, and the variety OSU- 435-4 was highly susceptible to the common strain of TMV under the conditions prevailing in these experiments.

Die Bildung der infektiösen Ribonucleinsäure während der Vermehrung des Tabakmosaikvirus

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reto Engler ◽  
Gerhard Schramm
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Free Virus ◽  
Direct Extraction ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Phenol Extraction

Young plants of Nicotiana tabacum (Var. Samsun) were infected with tobacco mosaic virus and kept at a constant temperature between 23 and 27°C and at constant illumination. The virus concentration was determined by bioassay on Nicotiana glutinosa. An exponential increase in virus concentration occurred 20-30 hours after infection. This latent period is significantly shorter after infection with virus ribonucleic acid. Probably the nucleic acid has to be liberated from the nucleoprotein before multiplication can start. The formation and multiplication of free virus ribonucleic acid could be demonstrated earlier than the formation of the complete virus. Infectious nucleic acid was measured by direct extraction of the plants with phenol. Nucleic acid included in the virus was determined after degradation of the free ribonucleic acid by incubation at 37°C and subsequent phenol extraction. The amount of free ribonucleic acid reaches a maximum 40 hours after infection and decreases afterwards to the extent as the virus bound ribonucleic acid increases. A general hypothesis for the biosynthesis of tobacco mosaic virus is given.

β-1,3-Glucanase and the spread of tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana and Phaseolus

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1984-1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Kearney ◽  
J. H. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nicotiana Sylvestris ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Local Lesions

The β-1,3-glucan callose is thought to form a seal which surrounds viral local lesions and prevents viral spread in many plant hosts. Therefore, we investigated the role of host β-1,3-glucanase in facilitating viral spread. The following were compared for lesion size (indicating viral spread rate) and β-1,3-glucanase activity: (i) inoculated excised leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto supplied with sugar (small lesions) or deprived of sugar (large lesions); (ii) Nicotiana glutinosa L. infected with the VM strain (small lesions) or the U1 strain (large lesions) of tobacco mosaic virus; and (iii) Nicotiana sylvestris Spegaz. infected with the VM strain (small lesions) or the U2 strain (large lesions) of tobacco mosaic virus. In all cases, the larger, more rapidly spreading viral lesions did not have significantly higher levels of β-1,3-glucanase activity than the corresponding smaller lesions. Nicotiana sylvestris leaves with a systemic viral infection had a β-1,3-glucanase activity lower than that of leaves with local lesions. Finally, β-1,3-glucanase activity was stimulated to the same extent by a slowly developing abiotic necrosis as by local lesions of tobacco mosaic virus, β-1,3-Glucanase activity may therefore increase during localized viral infection as a result of the wounding associated with necrotic viral lesions.

scholarly journals AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS LESIONS IN NICOTIANA GLUTINOSA L

1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Weintraub ◽  
H. W. J. Ragetli
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Chloroplast Membranes ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Concentrated Solution

Ultra-thin sections of Nicotiana glutinosa L. leaves inoculated with a concentrated solution of tobacco mosaic virus were made at short intervals from 0 to 78 hours after inoculation. Eight hours after inoculation, the size of starch grains increased. This was followed by rupture of cytoplasmic and chloroplast membranes. At about 24 hours there was a great increase in number of mitochondria, which persisted until about 60 hours, when some became electron opaque while others appeared to disintegrate. Finally, the cell contents were compressed into one area of the cell, where they became electron opaque. This was accompanied by collapse of the rest of the cell and tearing away of the cell walls from adjacent cells. The nucleus remained stable and intact for as long as observations could be made. No identifiable virus particles were seen.

Aphid inoculation of plants with viruses, viral ribonucleic acid, and hybrid virus

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Lojek ◽  
G. B. Orlob
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Brome Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Healthy Leaf ◽  
Aphid Inoculation

While probing or feeding on leaves, Myzus persicae produced wounds that resulted in lesions when virus was applied later. Lesions were also produced on leaves covered with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV-RNA), brome mosaic virus (BMV), or hybrid BMV (BMV-protein/TMV-RNA) when these leaves were subsequently exposed to aphids. With TMV the number of lesions increased with increasing virus concentration. Keeping plants in the dark reduced the number of lesions produced by aphids, but increased those produced by mechanical inoculation. Nicotiana glutinosa was more susceptible to inoculation of TMV by aphids than was N. tabacum var. Xanthi nc. It is concluded that infectible sites produced by mechanical means differ from those produced by aphids.Aphids could not transmit TMV-RNA, BMV, BMV-RNA, or hybrid BMV from a virus-covered leaf to a healthy leaf. However, BMV and TMV could be recovered from the mouthparts of aphids which had fed or probed on virus-covered leaves.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF CELLS DURING TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS REPRODUCTION

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kolehmainen ◽  
H. Zech ◽  
D. von Wettstein
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Flexible Rods ◽  
Late Stages

The submicroscopic organization of mesophyll cells from tobacco leaves systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is described. After fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide the arrangement of the TMV particles within the crystalline inclusions is well preserved. Only the ribonucleic acid-containing core of the virus particles is visible in the micrographs. Besides the hexagonal virus crystals, several characteristic types of "inclusion bodies" are definable in the cytoplasm: The so-called fluid crystals seem to correspond to single layers of oriented TMV particles between a network of the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. Unordered groups or well oriented masses of tubes with the diameter of the TMV capsid are found in certain areas of the cytoplasm. A complicated inclusion body is characterized by an extensively branched and folded part of the endoplasmic reticulum, containing in its folds long aggregates of flexible rods. Certain parts of the cytoplasm are filled with large, strongly electron-scattering globules, probably of lipid composition. These various cytoplasmic differentiations and the different forms of presumed virus material are discussed in relation to late stages of TMV reproduction and virus crystal formation.

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