scholarly journals THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS IN THE STUDY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO FOREIGN PROTEINS

1955 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Roberts ◽  
Frank J. Dixon

A secondary immune response to the soluble foreign protein antigens I*BSA and I*BGG has been demonstrated when lymph node cells, largely lymphocytes with a few reticulo-endothelial and plasma cells, from previously immunized rabbits were transferred to x-radiated recipient rabbits, and the recipients then challenged with antigen. The total specific antibody synthesized by the transferred cells during the first 8 days of the secondary response amounted to approximately ⅔ of the wet weight of the transferred cells. In an attempt to elicit a primary response, lymph node cells were obtained from normal, non-immunized donors, and transferred to x-radiated recipients. No immune response was observed upon antigenic stimulation. When normal or previously immunized lymph node cells were incubated with antigen for periods up to 1 hour, washed and injected into recipients, no antibody production was observed.

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Overduin ◽  
van Dongen ◽  
Visser

The effectiveness of rabies vaccines is conventionally determined by serological testing. In addition to this assessment of humoral immunity, cellular immunity could help assess effectiveness and protection through a broad range of parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review all literature on the kinetics and composition of the cellular immune response to rabies vaccination in humans. A total of 1360 studies were identified in an extensive literature search. Twenty studies were selected for inclusion. In a primary response, plasma cells are detectable from day 7 to day 14, peaking at day 10. Memory B-cells appear from day 10 up to at least day 28. After revaccination, natural killer (NK) cells are the first detectable cellular parameters. Further research is required to assess cellular parameters in relation to long-term (serological) immunity. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD42019134416.


1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto J. L. Macario ◽  
Everly Conway de Macario ◽  
Claudio Franceschi ◽  
Franco Celada

We have cultivated lymph node microfragments from ß-D-galactosidase (Escherichia coli) primed rabbits and have measured their secondary response directed towards the whole molecule (precipitating antibodies) and to a single determinant (activating antibodies) of the antigen. By decreasing the size of the fragments to 105 cells, we began to observe heterogeneity among identical cultures in terms of positivity of response, antibody specificity, and titers. The affinity of "early" activating antibodies was inversely proportional to the dose of challenge. While no maturation was seen in low and excessive challenge, in all cultures receiving intermediate doses the association constant was raised several orders of magnitude within periods of 20 days. The relevance of these data to the mechanism of affinity selection of antigen-sensitive cells is discussed.


1967 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eidinger ◽  
Hugh F. Pross

The direct and indirect plaque technique for the detection of antibody-forming cells against sheep erythrocytes was utilized for the investigation of a number of biological parameters of the primary and secondary immune response on a cellular level. The sequential pattern of 19S followed by 7S antibody formation was elicited in the primary response after a latent period of at least 1–2 days and 2–3 days respectively. The secondary response initiated 140 days after primary immunization, in contrast, was characterized by the simultaneous appearance of 19S and 7S antibody-forming cells after an observed latent period of 2–3 days. The cellular dynamics of the recruitment phase of the respective immunoglobulins in the primary and secondary response was interpreted as evidence for the derivation of the two classes of immunoglobulins from separate progenitors. The 19S antibody-forming cells were derived predominantly by a process of transformation and maturation and 7S antibody formers by a process of cellular division with a doubling time of about 12 hr. The draining lymph node exhibited maximal immunological reactivity due to its capacity to retain the particulate antigen. This capacity was considerably enhanced in the sensitized draining lymph node. Minimal cellular activity was also noted in distal lymphoid tissues which included the thymus. Focal cellular activity was observed in the draining lymph node for 60 days after immunization. Subsequently, very low level plaque-forming cellular activity was observed in association with persistence of maximal antibody activity. The appearance at 120 days of a generalized peak of cellular activity in lymphoid tissues throughout the host was considered an explanation for this discrepancy. The change in distribution of cellular antibody-forming activity, from a local to a generalized lymphatic response during the late phase of the immune response, implied a fundamental alteration in homeostatic mechanisms associated with maintenance of immune reactivity. Further manifestations of such an alteration were indicated by the appearance of 2-ME-sensitive 7S antibody nearly 3 months after primary intradermal immunization, which in the ensuing 5 months was associated with, and inversely related to, two major fluctuations in 2-ME-resistant 7S antibody. Evidence for the existence of immunological memory in the 19S system was not established in the present work. 19S anamnesis, for which evidence was derived from measurements of circulating antibody levels, was interpreted from cellular studies as the result of the substantial activity of previously uncommitted 19S lymphoid cells in distal lymphoid tissue associated with previously committed 19S cells contained in the draining lymph node.


1957 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Dixon ◽  
William O. Weigle

Lymph node cells capable of either primary or secondary antibody responses following transfer to adult normal or x-radiated homologous recipients make no response following transfer to neonatal homologous recipients. On the basis of the present observations it seems that the environment provided by the neonatal recipient is unsuitable for the immunologic activities of transferred cells in the early phases of the immune response. Neonatal recipients can, however, adequately support cells transferred during the process of active antibody formation. These findings suggest that the immunologic inadequacy of the neonatal animal is related to its internal environment and not necessarily to the lack of cells capable of antibody synthesis.


1969 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 1031-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart F. Schlossman ◽  
Judith Herman ◽  
Arieh Yaron

Studies of the immunochemical specificity of antigen-induced thymidine-2-14C incorporation in lymph node cells obtained from animals immunized to a series of closely related α-DNP-oligolysines, ϵ-DNP-oligolysines, and oligolysines have shown that the sensitized cell exhibits an extraordinary degree of specificity for antigen. The sensitized cell is maximally stimulated by the homologous immunizing antigen and can discriminate among compounds which differ from one another only in the position of a dinitrophenyl group or D-lysine residue on an identical oligolysine backbone. These studies support the view that the immunogen is not degraded prior to the induction of the immune response, and that the majority of cells produced as a consequence of immunization have stereospecific antigen receptors for the DNP-oligolysine used to induce the response; a smaller and more variably sized population of cells is produced with receptors specific for the oligolysine portion of the immunizing antigen. When specifically sensitized lymph node cell cultures are stimulated in vitro by heterologous DNP-oligolysines, the oligolysine- and not the DNP-oligolysine-sensitive population of cells appears to play a crucial role in the specificity of such cross-reactions. It is concluded from these studies that the antigen receptor on the sensitized lymph node cell differs in both kind and degree from conventional antibody. The chemical nature of the receptor and the means by which this receptor reacts with antigen to initiate the biosynthetic or proliferative cellular immune response still remain undefined.


Blood ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN J. MILLER ◽  
JUDITH MITCHELL

Abstract Differences in the rates of incorporation of tritiated uridine U-H3 of lymph node cells of different species have been found. Plasma cells from humans, guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits have a higher rate of incorporation of U-H3 than do plasma cells from rats, whereas human blast cells have a lower rate of U-H3 incorporation than blast cells from the various rodents.


1983 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin S. Papadimitriou ◽  
Stella N. Stephanaki-Nikou ◽  
Vasiliki ◽  
D. Malamou-Mitsi

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. P. Miller ◽  
G. F. Mitchell

Collaboration between thymus-derived lymphocytes, and nonthymus-derived antibody-forming cell precursors occurs during the immune response of mice to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). The aim of the experiments reported here was to attempt to induce tolerance in each of the two cell populations to determine which cell type dictates the specificity of the response. Adult mice were rendered specifically tolerant to SRBC by treatment with one large dose of SRBC followed by cyclophosphamide. Attempts to restore to normal their anti-SRBC response by injecting lymphoid cells from various sources were unsuccessful. A slight increase in the response was, however, obtained in recipients of thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes and a more substantial increase in recipients of spleen cells or of a mixture of thymus or thoracic duct cells and normal marrow or spleen cells from thymectomized donors. Thymus cells from tolerant mice were as effective as thymus cells from normal or cyclophosphamide-treated controls in enabling neonatally thymectomized recipients to respond to SRBC and in collaborating with normal marrow cells to allow a response to SRBC in irradiated mice. Tolerance was thus not achieved at the level of thelymphocyte population within the thymus, perhaps because of insufficient penetration of the thymus by the antigens concerned. By contrast, thoracic duct lymphocytes from tolerant mice failed to restore to normal the response of neonatally thymectomized recipients to SRBC. Tolerance is thus a property that can be linked specifically to thymus-derived cells as they exist in the mobile pool of recirculating lymphocytes outside the thymus. Thymus-derived cells are thus considered capable of recognizing and specifically reacting with antigenic determinants. Marrow cells from tolerant mice were as effective as marrow cells from cyclophosphamide-treated or normal controls in collaborating with normal thymus cells to allow a response to SRBC in irradiated recipients. When a mixture of thymus or thoracic duct cells and lymph node cells was given to irradiated mice, the response to SRBC was essentially the same whether the lymph node cells were derived from tolerant donors or from thymectomized irradiated, marrow-protected donors. Attempts to induce tolerance to SRBC in adult thymectomized, irradiated mice 3–4 wk after marrow protection, by treatment with SRBC and cyclophosphamide, were unsuccessful: after injection of thoracic duct cells, a vigorous response to SRBC occurred. The magnitude of the response was the same whether or not thymus cells had been given prior to the tolerization regime. The various experimental designs have thus failed to demonstrate specific tolerance in the nonthymus-derived lymphocyte population. Several alternative possibilities were discussed. Perhaps such a population does not contain cells capable of dictating the specificity of the response. This was considered unlikely. Alternatively, tolerance may have been achieved but soon masked by a rapid, thymus-independent, differentiation of marrow-derived lymphoid stem cells. On the other hand, tolerance may not have occurred simply because the induction of tolerance, like the induction of antibody formation, requires the collaboration of thymus-derived cells. Finally, tolerance in the nonthymus-derived cell population may never be achieved because the SRBC-cyclophosphamide regime specifically eliminates thymus-derived cells leaving the antibody-forming cell precursors intact but unable to react with antigen as there are no thymus-derived cells with which to interact.


1983 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 2087-2096 ◽  
Author(s):  
W A Sewell ◽  
J J Munoz ◽  
M A Vadas

Pertussigen, a purified protein from Bordetella pertussis, was shown to increase delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to protein antigens in mice. First, it caused an approximately twofold enhancement of the magnitude of 24-h DTH reactions. Second, the peak magnitude of DTH was delayed to 4-7 d after challenge, at which time it was five times more intense than in mice not receiving pertussigen. This reaction was antigen specific, and histologically was characterized by a dense mononuclear infiltrate. Third, pertussigen prolonged DTH so that it was still detectable 3-6 wk after challenge. The effect of pertussigen was seen only in antigen-driven reactions and was time and dose dependent, with 400 ng given 3 d after immunization resulting in the most prolonged reaction. The administration of pertussigen to the recipients of sensitized lymph node cells resulted in DTH that was more intense and prolonged than the reactions in control mice. Administration of pertussigen provides a model of prolonged and enhanced T cell-dependent inflammatory responses.


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