scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Blake ◽  
Russell L. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Immunological Classification ◽  
To Come ◽  
Characteristic Picture ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

Spontaneous pneumonia occurred to a considerable extent among stock monkeys at the Army Medical School. This pneumonia occurred chiefly in the form of an epidemic outbreak shortly after the arrival of a large shipment of monkeys, and was shown to be due in large part to transmission of infection from monkey to monkey, either directly or indirectly. That spread of the epidemic was facilitated by overcrowding was indicated by the fact that in a subsequent shipment of monkeys, which were kept in pairs in separate cages and were not allowed to come into contact with the monkeys among which the epidemic occurred, no cases of spontaneous pneumonia developed. The close analogy between the epidemic of lobar pneumonia that occurred among the monkeys and similar epidemics of lobar pneumonia that occurred during the war among certain groups of newly drafted troops shortly after their arrival at camp is very striking, and would seem to indicate that pneumococcus pneumonia may become an epidemic disease among groups of susceptible individuals when they are assembled under conditions that facilitate the ready transfer of infection from individual to individual. Bacteriological examination showed the spontaneous pneumonia to be due in the great majority of cases to infection with Pneumococcus Type IV. Immunological classification of the strains of pneurnococci by cross-agglutination tests showed that the majority fell into two biological groups. Two cases were apparently caused by Streptococcus hæmolyticus, two by Streptococcus viridans. The clinical course of spontaneous pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys was characterized by sudden onset, high sustained temperature, leucocytosis, rapid respiration with expiratory grunt, cough, physical signs of consolidation, invasion of the blood by pneurnococci, and termination in death or recovery by crisis about the 7th to 9th day. In a few instances the disease was complicated by acute fibrinopurulent pericarditis, by empyema, and by purulent meningitis. It was, therefore, clinically identical with lobar pneumonia experimentally produced in monkeys and with lobar pneumonia in man. Study of the pathology of spontaneous pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys showed that it presented the characteristic picture of lobar pneumonia, both macroscopically and microscopically, and was in all respects comparable with the pathology of lobar pneumonia experimentally produced in monkeys and of lobar pneumonia in man.

MRI analysis and surgical treatment of Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs

2021 ◽  
pp. 175319342098321
Author(s):  
Anyuan Wang ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
Long Wang ◽  
Tinggang Chu ◽  
Zhipeng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Secondary Operations ◽  
Type C

We present the MRI findings for 39 Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs in 38 patients. We found that MRI revealed the morphology of the cartilaginous connection between the thumb anlages and the location of the deviation corresponding to the classification of Horii, which allowed precise preoperative planning of corrective osteotomies. All 39 thumbs were available for follow-up after surgical reconstruction at a mean of 29 months (range 25 to 39). Four out of nine Horii Type A cases and all 12 Type B, as well as the six Type C and the six Type D cases, achieved good results according to the Tada scoring system. Five Type A cases achieved fair results with residual stiffness of the interphalangeal joint. No secondary operations were needed. We conclude that MRI proved useful in subclassifying Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs and may aid in planning the osteotomies needed for their reconstruction. Level of evidence: IV

scholarly journals FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvan L. Barach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intact Cell ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
The Common ◽  
Immunity Mechanism ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. The antigenic function of a pneumococcus vaccine made from the intact cell was compared with that derived fron a watery extract of the cell free from formed elements. In each instance, the immunity produced was dependent upon type-specific protective substance and not upon the elaboration of the common protein antibody. 2. The vaccine made from the intact cell resulted in both active and passive immunity which began on the 3rd day, increased markedly to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. In the case of the Berkefeld filtrate of the shaken bacteria and the filtrate of the broth culture, the immunity began on the 4th day, increased to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. The immunity produced by Pneumococcus Type I vaccine is greater than that produced by Type II. On the 3rd day, mice vaccinated with Type I vaccine resisted 100,000 minimal lethal doses, whereas mice immunized with Type II resisted 10,000 minimal lethal doses. On the 5th day, a larger percentage of mice survived these doses than on the 3rd day. 3. Certain factors related to the preparation and dosage of the vaccine are discussed. 4. As far as the time interval and the degree of immunity produced are concerned, these results suggest the possibility of employing pneumococcus vaccine in suitable doses in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. That an earlier activity of the immunity mechanism could actually be initiated in a patient with lobar pneumonia has still to be demonstrated.

scholarly journals A FURTHER STUDY ON THE BIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI

1915 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 804-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald T. Avery
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Respective Group ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Subgroup Ii ◽  
Typical Type ◽  
Immunity Reaction ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. At least three subgroups of Pneumococcus Type II may be recognized by specific immune reactions. They have been called Subgroups II A, II B, and II X. 2. That the organisms of these three subgroups are biologically related to Pneumococcus Type II is shown by the following facts: (a) Agglutination with Antipneumococcus Serum II. (b) Protection with Antipneumococcus Serum II, except Subgroup II X. (c) Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with typical Type II pneumococcus removes the antibodies for all subgroups, (d) Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with a member of Subgroups II A or II B removes only the antibodies for the homologous subgroup. Absorption of Antipneumococcus Serum II with any given member of Subgroup II X removes the antibodies for that particular strain only. 3. That the three subgroups, although biologically related to Pneumococcus Type II, possess, nevertheless, specific differential characterswhich separate them one from another, is evidenced by thefollowing facts: (a) The organisms of any subgroup are not agglutinated bythe antisera of the other two subgroups. (b) They are not protected against by the sera of the other subgroups. (c) They do not absorb from Antipneumococcus Serum II the specific immune bodies of the other subgroups. 4. Subgroups II A and II B are characterized by immunity reactions identical within the respective group. 5. Subgroup II X consists of heterogeneous strains which do not cross in their immunity reaction with each other or with Subgroups II A or II B.

scholarly journals Towards a Validation Methodology for Macroeconomic Agent-Based Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiaan Tieleman
Keyword(s):  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Agent Based Models ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Model Classification ◽  
Classification Framework ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come

AbstractAgent-based models provide a promising new tool in macroeconomic research. Questions have been raised, however, regarding the validity of such models. A methodology of macroeconomic agent-based model (MABM) validation, that provides a deeper understanding of validation practices, is required. This paper takes steps towards such a methodology by connecting three elements. First, is a foundation of model validation in general. Second is a classification of models dependent on how the model is validated. An important distinction in this classification is the difference between mechanism and target validation. Third, is a framework that revolves around the relationship between the structure of models of complex systems with emergent properties and validation in practice. Important in this framework is to consider MABMs as modelling multiple non-trivial levels. Connecting these three elements provides us with a methodology of the validation of MABMs and allows us to come to the following conclusions regarding MABM validation. First, in MABMs, mechanisms at a lower level are distinct from, but provide input to higher levels of mechanisms. Since mechanisms at different levels are validated in different ways we can come to a specific characterization of MABMs within the model classification framework. Second, because the mechanisms of MABMs are validated in a direct way at the level of the agent, MABMs can be seen as a move towards a more realist approach to modelling compared to DSGE.

scholarly journals Human Polyomavirus-Associated Cerebral Disorders in the Post-HAART Era

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiberto Cedeno-Laurent ◽  
Augusto C. Penalva de Oliveira ◽  
José E. Vidal ◽  
J. Roberto Trujillo
Keyword(s):  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
Hiv 1

Human polyomavirus JC is the causative agent of a deadly form of sudden onset dementia, progressive multifocal leukocoencephalopathy (PML). PML is highly prevalent in immunodeficient populations, specially those undergoing chemotherapy, immunosuppressive treatments for autoimmune conditions, and HIV-1/AIDS patients. In fact, before the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens became available, PML was a leading cause of death in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. However, patients under HAART show increased survival times with better prognoses. In this report we described the main differences between PML before and after the HAART era; highlighting the new patterns of presentation, the neurotropism of other human polyomaviruses, and the increased prevalence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), as a complication of PML in patients under HAART. Lastly, we propose a revised classification of human poliomavirus-associated cerebral disorders that may reflect more accurately what clinicians encounter in their everyday practice.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Gustav I. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Type II vaccine confer on monkeys a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type II pneumonia. A similar protection can be bestowed on monkeys against Pneumonococcus Type IV pneumonia by three subcutaneous injections of a vaccine prepared from the same strain of pneumococcus. 2. The subcutaneous injection of monkeys with three doses of Pneumococcus Type III vaccine confers a complete immunity against this type in only 50 per cent of cases (four out of eight monkeys vaccinated). 3. In spite of the immunity induced in monkeys by three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Types II, III, and IV vaccine, specific protective bodies against the homologous types are not demonstrable in their serums when the vaccine is so administered.

The Evolution of Charity Care within the Healthcare Industry

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela C. Smith ◽  
Aaron D. Crabtree
Keyword(s):  
Charity Care ◽  
Nonprofit Hospitals ◽  
Tax Exempt ◽  
Long Time ◽  
State And Local ◽  
To Come ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Concise Definition

Tax-exempt classification of nonprofit hospitals has been increasingly subject to federal and state examination. Considering the benefits tax-exempt entities receive, it should not be surprising that these organizations face heavy regulatory scrutiny. The problem for tax-exempt hospitals is the lack of a clear and concise definition of charity care in order to maintain exempt status. State and local regulations aside, the IRS has not presented a consistent position regarding standards for nonprofit hospitals. This paper examines the evolution of hospital tax-exempt status and its relationship to charity care. Given the IRS's evolving and conflicting definitions of charity care, we can expect this issue to be debated for a long time to come.

From Dalton to the Discovery of the Periodic System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Quantitative Characteristic ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
System P ◽  
Quantitative Property ◽  
To Come ◽  
First Time

Our story begins, somewhat arbitrarily, in the English city of Manchester around the turn of the nineteenth century. There, a child prodigy by the name of John Dalton, at the tender age of fifteen is teaching in a school with his older brother. Within a few years, John Dalton’s interests have developed to encompass meteorology, physics, and chemistry. Among the questions that puzzle him is why the various component gases in the air such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide do not separate from each other. Why does the mixture of gases in the air remain as a homogeneous mixture? As a result of pursuing this question, Dalton develops what is to become modern atomic theory. The ultimate constituents of all substances, he supposes, are hard microscopic spheres or atoms that were first discussed by the ancient Greek philosophers and taken up again by modern scientists like Newton, Gassendi, and Boscovich. But Dalton goes a good deal further than all of these thinkers in establishing one all-important quantitative characteristic for each kind of atom, namely its weight. This he does by considering quantitative data on chemical experiments. For example, he finds that the ratio for the weight in which hydrogen and oxygen combine together is one to eight. Dalton assumes that water consists of one atom of each of these two elements. He takes a hydrogen atom to have a weight of 1 unit and therefore reasons that oxygen must have a weight of 8 units. Similarly, he deduces the weights for a number of other atoms and even molecules as we now call them. For the first time the elements acquire a quantitative property, by means of which they may be compared. This feature will eventually lead to an accurate classification of all the elements in the form of the periodic system, but this is yet to come. Before that can happen the notion of atoms provokes tremendous debates and disagreements among the experts of Dalton’s day.

Headache attributed to airplane travel

2020 ◽  
pp. 508-513
Author(s):  
Federico Mainardi ◽  
Giorgio Zanchin
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
First Time ◽  
Formal Recognition

Headache attributed to airplane travel, also named ‘airplane headache’ (AH) is a recently described clinical entity characterized by the sudden onset of a severe head pain, which appears exclusively in relation to airplane flights, mainly during the landing phase. Secondary causes, such as upper respiratory tract infections or acute sinusitis, must be ruled out. Although its pathophysiology is not completely understood, a causative role is attributed to an imbalance of the intrasinus pressure, consequent to a change of external air pressure not paralleled with an adequate compensation inside the cranial sinuses. In the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition (ICHD-2) AH is not mentioned. On the basis of an extended investigation, AH diagnostic criteria were proposed, which have been introduced for the first time in the recently published ICHD-3B version. Its formal recognition will favour further studies aimed at improving knowledge about AH and implementing preventative measures.

Histological Investigation of the Palatine Bone in Prenatal Trisomy 21

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halfdan Lauridsen ◽  
Birgit Fischer Hansen ◽  
Ingermarie Reintoft ◽  
Jean W. Keeling ◽  
Inger Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Histological Investigation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Horizontal Part ◽  
Palatine Bone

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the horizontal part of the palatine bone in palates from human fetuses with trisomy 21 to improve the phenotypic classification of the genotypic anomaly. Methods: Material from 23 human trisomy 21 fetuses was included in the study. The crown rump lengths of the fetuses ranged from 80 mm to 190 mm, corresponding to about 12 to 21 weeks of gestational age. The material was examined histologically. Results and Conclusions: Histological examination demonstrated four different palatal phenotypes on the basis of the development of the horizontal part of the palatine bone: type I, palatine bone complete; type II, the mesial region of the horizontal part of the palatine bone is lacking; type III, complete absence of the horizontal part of the palatine bone; and type IV, auxiliary bones in the region of the transpalatine suture. This finding shows that different types of malformations may occur in the horizontal part of the palatine bone in human trisomy 21 fetuses.

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