PROBLEM BASED LEARNING SOLUSI PEMBELAJARAN DALAM MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DENGAN TOPIK KPK & FPB DI KELAS IV SDI RAMAH ANAK CILODONG DEPOK

Learning mathematics on the topic of KPK and FPB is one of the materials considered "difficult" by students. Because of this material, students are required to be able to understand multiplication and division very well. If a student's understanding is proficient in multiplication and division, it will automatically be very easy for them to solve questions related to the KPK and FPB. And usually the teacher to deliver this material more often/generally uses classical learning models or lectures. Because this learning model is considered to be the most "correct" in providing understanding to students. But in reality, students are becoming less and less interested and add the label "very difficult" to learning mathematics. From here, the research was conducted by providing a different learning model, namely using the PBL (Problem Based Learning) learning model or also known as PBM (Problem Based Learning). The basis of this learning model is that students are invited to find solutions in solving story problems related to KPK and FPB questions in their respective group discussions, so that students are interested and challenged in solving these problems. This research was conducted through classroom action research (CAR) with 3 stages/cycles (Pre-Cycle, Cycle I, and Cycle II) in it. Problem-Based Learning Model is used in cycles I and II. Based on the research results obtained in the pre-cycle and cycle I, there was an increase in student learning outcomes from only 33% of students who scored above the KKM to 52% of students who completed the KKM. After improving learning in cycle I to cycle II, there was an increase again in student acquisition scores, from 52% of students who completed the KKM to 95% of students who completed the KKM. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the mathematics learning outcomes given the Problem Based Learning model or PBL (Problem Based Learning) are better than the students' mathematics learning outcomes without using the Problem Based Learning model. ABSTRAKPembelajaran matematika pada topik KPK dan FPB merupakan salah satu materi yang dianggap “sulit” oleh siswa. Karena materi ini siswa dituntut harus sudah mampu memahami perkalian dan pembagian dengan sangat baik. Jika pemahaman seorang siswa sudah mahir di perkalian dan pembagiannya, maka secara otomatis akan sangat mudah bagi mereka untuk menyelesaikan soal-soal yang berkaitan dengan KPK dan FPB. Dan biasanya guru untuk menyampaikan materi ini lebih sering/pada umumnya menggunakan model pembelajaran klasik atau ceramah. Karena model pembelajaran ini dianggap paling “jitu” dalam memberikan pemahaman kepada siswa. Namun kenyataannya, siswa menjadi semakin kurang tertarik dan menambahkan label “sulit sekali” terhadap pembelajaran matematika. Dari sinilah, penelitian dilakukan dengan memberikan model pembelajaran yang berbeda, yaitu menggunakan model pembelajaran PBL (Problem Based Learning) atau disebut juga dengan PBM (Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah). Dasar model pembelajaran ini yaitu siswa diajak untuk menemukan solusi dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita yang berkaitan dengan soal-soal KPK dan FPB dalam diskusi kelompoknya masing-masing, agar siswa tertarik dan tertantang dalam menyelesaikan soal tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan 3 tahapan/siklus (Pra-Siklus, Siklus I, dan Siklus II) didalamnya. Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah digunakan pada siklus I dan II. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang didapatkan pada pra-siklus dan siklus I, yaitu terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dari hanya terdapat 33% siswa yang mendapat nilai di atas KKM menjadi 52% siswa yang tuntas KKM. Setelah dilakukan perbaikan pembelajaran pada siklus I menuju siklus II, terjadi peningkatan kembali pada nilai perolehan siswa yaitu dari 52% siswa tuntas KKM menjadi 95% siswa tuntas KKM. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil belajar matematika yang diberi model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah atau PBL (Problem Based Learning) lebih baik daripada hasil belajar matematika siswa tanpa menggunakan model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah.

Efficacy of Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan in dyslipidemia: a single blind randomized standard controlled clinical trial

Objectives Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan, a compound Unani formulation, has been indicated in disease conditions simulating dyslipidemia. The present study was done to substantiate the efficacy of Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan (MSAK) in dyslipidaemia on scientific parameters. Methods A randomized, single-blind, Standard controlled, clinical trial was carried out on 40 patients of dyslipidemia who were randomly allocated into test (n=30) and control (n=10) groups. The test drug, MSAK, and control drug, tablet Atorvastatin was given to the respective group for 60 days along with lifestyle modification. Results The test drug significantly alleviated the symptoms of subjective parameters (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction in lipid profile of the patients in the test group (p<0.05) than control drug treatment. Conclusions The study evidenced that Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan is potentially effective and safe in the treatment of dyslipidemia. However, a multicentre study with a robust study design is required to generalize the results.

Efficacy of Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan in dyslipidemia: a single blind randomized standard controlled clinical trial

Objectives Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan, a compound Unani formulation, has been indicated in disease conditions simulating dyslipidemia. The present study was done to substantiate the efficacy of Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan (MSAK) in dyslipidaemia on scientific parameters. Methods A randomized, single-blind, Standard controlled, clinical trial was carried out on 40 patients of dyslipidemia who were randomly allocated into test (n=30) and control (n=10) groups. The test drug, MSAK, and control drug, tablet Atorvastatin was given to the respective group for 60 days along with lifestyle modification. Results The test drug significantly alleviated the symptoms of subjective parameters (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction in lipid profile of the patients in the test group (p<0.05) than control drug treatment. Conclusions The study evidenced that Majoon-e-Seer Alvi Khan is potentially effective and safe in the treatment of dyslipidemia. However, a multicentre study with a robust study design is required to generalize the results.

COMPARISON OF SALVADORA PERSICA CHEWING STICK AND MANUAL TOOTH BRUSH FOR EFFICACY OF PLAQUE REMOVAL: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Objective: To clinically evaluate the efficacy of chewing stick as alternative to tooth brushing for plaque removal in subject with clinically healthy gingival status. Material and methods: This randomized trial was conducted on a total of 80 participants, randomly allocated into two groups of 40 each at Department of Periodontology, Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan. Group A were guided to use toothbrush, while group B was miswak users. Both groups were advised to use the respective group technique twice daily for four weeks. Pre and Post intervention examinations were planned by using Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (QHPI), which measures the plaque levels. Data was recorded on the first day (baseline) and after 4 weeks. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS v.24.0 Results: Mean age of the study participants was 25.54±6.004 years. Plaque was measured using QHPI, at baseline group A presented mean of 5.001±1.50, while group B had mean of 4.923±0.63 (p=<0.001), while after 4 weeks, group A showed mean of 2.52±7.82, while mean of group B was 1.37±0.427 (p=<0.001) with more evident decrease in Miswak group. Conclusion: It was concluded that Salvadora Persica chewing stick was comparatively better anti plaque agent as compared to tooth brushes in this specific study.

Types and Classification of "Technical Knowledge" As a First Stage of Structuring Educational Information of Electric Power Disciplines

The article presents classification features different types of technical knowledge of the technical object and technological process. Selected elements of the three structures for technical facility and the technological process, which are the basis to facilitate actions by the technical description of the object or of the technological process of the respective group.

On unit free assessment of the extent of multilateral distributional variation

Summary Multilateral comparison of outcomes drawn from multiple groups pervade the social sciences and measurement of their variability, usually involving functions of respective group location and scale parameters, is of intrinsic interest. However, such approaches frequently mask more fundamental differences that more comprehensive examination of relative group distributional structures reveal. Indeed, in categorical data contexts, location- and scale-based techniques are no longer feasible without artificial and questionable cardinalisation of categories. Here, Gini’s transvariation measure is extended and employed in providing quantitative and visual multilateral comparison tools in discrete, continuous, categorical, univariate, or multivariate settings which are particularly useful in paradigms where cardinal measure is absent. Two applications, one analysing Eurozone cohesion in terms of the convergence or divergence of constituent nations income distributions, the other, drawn from a study of ageing, health, and income inequality in China, exemplify their use in a continuous and categorical data environment.

Clinical study to compare the effect of intratympanic injection of lidocaine and dexamethasone in tinnitus of cochlear origin

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Due to various aetiologies and the less known mechanism involved in tinnitus no treatment modality gives consistent results. Here, we are comparing the efficacy of intratympanic injections of lidocaine and dexamethasone. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Out of 100 selected patients, consecutive patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria are randomly allocated into one of the 2 study groups (50 members each). Intratympanic injection of lidocaine and dexamethasone are given to respective group weekly for 3 consecutive weeks and response is assessed at 1 month and 2nd month of injection. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> In our study, maximum patients were in the age group of 56-65 yrs. When the effect of lidocaine and dexamethasone on tinnitus (based on THI-tinnitus handicap inventory questionnaire) is compared, dexamethasone is found to be more efficacious than lidocaine with a p value&lt;0.005. Out of total, 96% of dexamethasone group and 68% of lignocaine group have got improved THI score during second follow up. While assessing the effect of lidocaine and dexamethasone on pure tone audiogram (PTA) it is found that, dexamethasone is showing more improvement when compared to lignocaine (p value&lt;0.05). Regarding the adverse effects of injection, side effect is more with lidocaine (50%) than that of dexamethasone (36%), most common adverse effect which we came across was burning type of pain, followed by giddiness which last only for few seconds. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Dexamethasone is effective in reducing the overall THI score hence reduces handicap when compared with that of lidocaine with added advantage on hearing.</p>

Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by multicapillary column coupled ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) of breath. A proof of concept study

There is an urgent need for screening of patients having a communicable viral disease to cut infection chains. We could recently demonstrate that MCC-IMS of breath is able to identify Influenza-A infected patients. With decreasing Influenza epidemic and upcoming SARS-CoV-2 infections we went on and also analysed patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections.75 patients, 34m, 41f, aged 64.4 ± 15.4 years, 14 positive for Influenza-A, 16 positive for SARS-CoV-2, the remaining 44 patients were used as controls. In one patient RT-PCR was highly suspicious of SARS-CoV-2 but initially inconclusiveBesides RT-PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs all patients underwent MCC-IMS analysis of breath. There was no difference in gender or age according to the groups.97.3% of the patients could be correctly classified to the respective group by discriminant analysis. Even the inconclusive patient could be mapped to the SARS-CoV-2 group applying the discrimination function.ConclusionMCC-IMS is able to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection and Influenza-A infection in breath. As this method provides exact, fast non-invasive diagnosis it should be further developed for screening of communicable viral diseases.Trial registrationClinicalTrial.gov, NCT04282135 Registered 20 February 2020 - Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04282135?term=IMS&draw=2&rank=1

Motor activity patterns can distinguish between interepisode bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is linked to circadian rhythm disruptions resulting in aberrant motor activity patterns. We aimed to explore whether motor activity alone, as assessed by longitudinal actigraphy, can be used to classify accurately BD patients and healthy controls (HCs) into their respective groups. Methods Ninety-day actigraphy records from 25 interepisode BD patients (ie, Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) < 15) and 25 sex- and age-matched HCs were used in order to identify latent actigraphic biomarkers capable of discriminating between BD patients and HCs. Mean values and time variations of a set of standard actigraphy features were analyzed and further validated using the random forest classifier. Results Using all actigraphy features, this method correctly assigned 88% (sensitivity = 85%, specificity = 91%) of BD patients and HCs to their respective group. The classification success may be confounded by differences in employment between BD patients and HCs. When motor activity features resistant to the employment status were used (the strongest feature being time variation of intradaily variability, Cohen’s d = 1.33), 79% of the subjects (sensitivity = 76%, specificity = 81%) were correctly classified. Conclusion A machine-learning actigraphy-based model was capable of distinguishing between interepisode BD patients and HCs solely on the basis of motor activity. The classification remained valid even when features influenced by employment status were omitted. The findings suggest that temporal variability of actigraphic parameters may provide discriminative power for differentiating between BD patients and HCs while being less affected by employment status.

ANÁLISE MORFOLÓGICA DAS VIAS AÉREAS DE RATOS EXPOSTOS À FUMAÇA DO CIGARRO, E AO ÁLCOOL E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO

The aim of the study was to quantify and compare, morphologically, the mucus and inflammatory infiltrate in rats exposed to cigarette smoke, alcohol and both agents, including physical exercise. Forty male Wistar rats were used, randomly divided into four groups. Control animals performed physical exercises. The other animals were exposed to cigarette smoke, alcohol intake and physical training, according to the respective group. The lungs of the animals were collected to assess the findings. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the assessment of the airway perimeter and the amount of inflammatory cells in the animals' airways. It was concluded that there was no influence of physical exercise on the production of mucus and inflammatory infiltrate in rats exposed to alcohol and cigarette smoke. Thus, it is suggested to carry out further studies in order to elucidate the results.