From Dalton to the Discovery of the Periodic System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Quantitative Characteristic ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
System P ◽  
Quantitative Property ◽  
To Come ◽  
First Time

Our story begins, somewhat arbitrarily, in the English city of Manchester around the turn of the nineteenth century. There, a child prodigy by the name of John Dalton, at the tender age of fifteen is teaching in a school with his older brother. Within a few years, John Dalton’s interests have developed to encompass meteorology, physics, and chemistry. Among the questions that puzzle him is why the various component gases in the air such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide do not separate from each other. Why does the mixture of gases in the air remain as a homogeneous mixture? As a result of pursuing this question, Dalton develops what is to become modern atomic theory. The ultimate constituents of all substances, he supposes, are hard microscopic spheres or atoms that were first discussed by the ancient Greek philosophers and taken up again by modern scientists like Newton, Gassendi, and Boscovich. But Dalton goes a good deal further than all of these thinkers in establishing one all-important quantitative characteristic for each kind of atom, namely its weight. This he does by considering quantitative data on chemical experiments. For example, he finds that the ratio for the weight in which hydrogen and oxygen combine together is one to eight. Dalton assumes that water consists of one atom of each of these two elements. He takes a hydrogen atom to have a weight of 1 unit and therefore reasons that oxygen must have a weight of 8 units. Similarly, he deduces the weights for a number of other atoms and even molecules as we now call them. For the first time the elements acquire a quantitative property, by means of which they may be compared. This feature will eventually lead to an accurate classification of all the elements in the form of the periodic system, but this is yet to come. Before that can happen the notion of atoms provokes tremendous debates and disagreements among the experts of Dalton’s day.

From Simple Substance to Chemical Element

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Simple Substance ◽  
System P ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Definition Of

The introduction of the modern concept of chemical element has often been credited to Lavoisier. I will argue that despite the significant impact of the definition of elements as non-decompound bodies in Lavoisier’s “Elements of Chemistry,” this claim is misleading for at least three reasons. First, elements were already defined as residues of analysis prior to Lavoisier. Second, Lavoisier did not totally give up the traditional view of elements as constituents of all bodies. Third, the modern definition of chemical element implies a clear distinction between simple bodies and elements that was later introduced by Dmitri Mendeleev. I will outline the role of this conceptual distinction in Mendeleev’s process of classification of elements and symmetrically emphasize how the periodic system contributed to stabilize his notion of element as an individual defined by its position in the system. Thus the concept of element appears as both a precondition and a product of the construction of the periodic system.

The Periodic System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Platonic Solid ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Platonic Solids ◽  
System P ◽  
Chemical Inertness ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
The Many

In ancient Greek times, philosophers recognized just four elements—earth, water, air, and fire—all of which survive in the astrological classification of the 12 signs of the zodiac. At least some of these philosophers believed that these different elements consisted of microscopic components with differing shapes and that this explained the various properties of the elements. These shapes or structures were believed to be in the form of Platonic solids (figure 1.1) made up entirely of the same two-dimensional shape. The Greeks believed that earth consisted of microscopic cubic particles, which explained why it was difficult to move earth. Meanwhile, the liquidity of water was explained by an appeal to the smoother shape possessed by the icosahedron, while fire was said to be painful to the touch because it consisted of the sharp particles in the form of tetrahedra. Air was thought to consist of octahedra since that was the only remaining Platonic solid. A little later, a fifth Platonic solid, the dodecahedron, was discovered, and this led to the proposal that there might be a fifth element or “quintessence,” which also became known as ether. Although the notion that elements are made up of Platonic solids is regarded as incorrect from a modern point of view, it is the origin of the very fruitful notion that macroscopic properties of substances are governed by the structures of the microscopic components of which they are comprised. These “elements” survived well into the Middle Ages and beyond, augmented with a few others discovered by the alchemists, the precursors of modern-day chemists. One of the many goals of the alchemists seems to have been the transmutation of elements. Not surprisingly, perhaps, the particular transmutation that most enticed them was the attempt to change the base metal lead into the noble metal gold, whose unusual color, rarity, and chemical inertness have made it one of the most treasured substances since the dawn of civilization.

Small Parties and the 2013 Bundestag Election: End of the Upward Trend?

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
To Come ◽  
And Performance ◽  
First Time

In the 2009 German federal election, the small parties together captured 43.2 percent of the vote; three small parties boasted a result in the double digits. Four years later, none of the small parties finished above 8.6 percent and only two reentered the Bundestag. Notably, the FDP, one of the original West German parties, dropped out of the federal parliament for the first time. Yet, any talk of catch-all party revival and party system concentration needs qualification. As a group, the small parties received nearly a third of all votes cast—the second highest share in six decades. Those that did not make it into the Bundestag won 15.7 percent, a higher share than in any other federal election. This article examines the positioning of the leading small parties in the 2013 Bundestag election campaign and their respective electoral results; highlights party systemic as well as internal party factors to explain small party performance; reassesses the commonplace classification of small parties by whether there is an established legislative presence or not; and considers the positioning and performance of small parties in the years to come.

Classification of Types of Interreligious Dialogue

Communicology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-51
Author(s):  
S.V. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Interreligious Dialogue ◽  
Comparative Theology ◽  
Theology Of Religions ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
To Come ◽  
First Time ◽  
Original Classification

The existing classifications of types of interreligious dialogue have significant limitations and shortcomings and do not allow us to describe this extremely complex, multi- faceted phenomenon in a systematic and complete way. This paper represents original classification of interreligious dialogue, which overcomes the disadvantages of current research approaches in this area. On the basis of the «intention» criterion, i.e. the motivation that encourages followers of different religions to come into contact with each other, four types of interreligious dialogue are distinguished: polemical, cognitive, peacemaking and partnership. These types of dialogue are lined up respectively around the following questions: Who is right?, Who are you?, How can we live together peacefully? and What can we do to improve the world?. In each of the four types of interreligious dialogue using the criteria goal (i.e. tasks headed towards by the participants in the dialogue); principles i.e. the starting points, which determine the interaction), and form (i.e. participants in the dialogue) various sorts of them are identified and described. For example, the following sorts of cognitive dialogue are considered: theological, spiritual, human (Buberian), truth-seeking dialogue, theology of religions, theology of interreligious dialogue, comparative theology. According to the author, the presented classification allows for the first time to describe different types of interreligious dialogue in a complex, systematic and interrelated way.

scholarly journals Officers’ Libraries in the Corps of Military Engineers: How Many of Them Were There?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly M. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Library System ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
History Of ◽  
Book Collections ◽  
First Time

Recently there appeared quite a lot of publications on the history of military libraries of pre-revolutionary Russia. There arose the question, how many of them there were and why it was so important to know their quantity? In response to this question, first of all, we can discuss the classification of military libra-ries. Basing on the obtained quantitative data we can determine the eligibility of use of the terms “Military Library System” and “System of Military Librarianship”, applied to the libraries of the Ministry of War. Besides that, considering the number of military libraries, we can compare them with the other book collections. In the article on the basis of the pre-revolutionary sources there is counted for the first time the number of engineer and sapper officers’ libraries in the Corps of military engineers. Reliability basis for counting the number of libraries is made by the “Regulations” of 1838, 1863, 1889, orders of the engineering Department, some catalogues of the books, regimental history, and annual summarized publications of journals on the number of its subscribers. On the basis of the above documents and publications there is consistently analyzed the growth dynamics of the officers’ libraries in the Corps of military engineers.

Elements of the System

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-43
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Chemistry ◽  
Periodic System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Scientific Career ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Law Of Nature ◽  
Chemistry Textbook ◽  
System P ◽  
Periodic Law

This chapter examines Dmitrii Mendeleev's formulation of the periodic system. The periodic system was the product of twin pedagogical trajectories: Mendeleev's personal trajectory through the educational institutions of St. Petersburg in his attempt to solidify a scientific career and an effort to introduce the totality of chemistry through a set of easily understood basic principles. Consequently, the periodic law emerged out of the periodic system of elements, the tabular classification that Mendeleev composed in early 1869 at St. Petersburg University. He created the periodic system to address a specific set of demands that arose in the composition of a new inorganic chemistry textbook—pedagogical problems of classification and organization. How the classification of elements became a periodic system and then a law of nature was intimately tied with how Mendeleev became increasingly secure at St. Petersburg University.

scholarly journals Diodore of Tarsus, “Commentary on the Psalms” (Psalms 1–4)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-580
Author(s):  
Liliia R. Frangulian ◽  
◽  
Aleksei A. Shirikov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Biblical Exegesis ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Important Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

The article introduces into scientific circulation the text of Diodore of Tarsus Commentary on the Psalms. The explanation of the first four psalms was translated into Russian from ancient Greek for the first time and is accompanied by scientific commentary. The preface to the translation contains brief information about the author and his work: Diodore of Tarsus is considered a prominent and important theologian of the Antiochian school, however, almost all of his works have been lost. The exclusiveness of the Commentary on the Psalms is that it is one of the earliest examples of the typically Antiochian way of exegesis. Even though authoritative manuscripts that contain the Commentary are not signed with the name of the Tarsian bishop, researchers argue that this text belongs to him. The preface also provides information on Diodore’s style, the advantages and disadvantages of his approach. The bishop of Tarsus suggested a classification of the psalms, and the exegesis of the first four psalms allows us to see by example the peculiarities of each of the types proposed by the bishop. The Commentary on the Psalms by Diodore of Tarsus provides modern scholars the opportunity to analyze this important material on the subject of the state of biblical exegesis in the second half of the 4th century.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TINDAKAN SOSIAL DALAM TRADISI KULIWA PADA MASYARAKAT NELAYAN MANDAR DI PAMBUSUANG KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDAR PROVINSI SULAWESI BARAT

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Rahmatullah Rahmatullah ◽  
Mahmud Tang ◽  
Rahmat Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Social Values ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Come ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
At Home

This study aims to describe the implementation of kuliwa and describe social actions in the Kuliwa tradition of the Mandar fishing community in the village of Pambusuang. The approach used is qualitative. The results showed that Mandar people usually perform kuliwa rituals to inaugurate the use of new boats and to inaugurate new fishing machines or equipment as well as for the first time to go to sea. The implementation of kuliwa rituals, is a series of activities held on the boat and at the courtier house . Of the four further classification of Weber's actions, only three will be used by the author to analyze the phenomenon of the Kuliwa tradition in the Mandar fishing community in the village of Pambusuang, namely: the rationality of the value of affective actions, and traditional actions, to understand the motives and goals of the perpetrators of the kuliwa tradition up to currently still maintaining and preserving it. The act of rationality based on the findings of existing data, Mandar people in the village of Pambusuang who have done kuliwa said that implementing kuliwa also means not only as a tradition but also a condition for values, such as social values, religion and others. Affective actions based on the findings of existing data One of the emotional actions seen in the kuliwa tradition is where neighbors come to help prepare the event for the kuliwa tradition. At the time the event will start at home, the courtier calls neighbors around to come to eat at the retainer's house. Traditional actions based on the findings of existing data Pambusuang community who decided to carry out the kuliwa because in the family of the community there is a habit to carry out the kuliwa and the habit already exists from the previous offspring which then passed on to the next offspring.   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan kuliwa dan mendeskripsikan tindakan sosial dalam tradisi Kuliwa pada masyarakat nelayan Mandar  di Desa Pambusuang. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang Mandar biasanya melakukan ritual kuliwa untuk meresmikan penggunaan perahu baru dan untuk memresmikan mesin atau alat-alat tangkap baru serta untuk pertama kalinya untuk melaut. Pelaksanaan ritual kuliwa,  merupakan serangakaian kegiatan yang diadakan di perahu dan di rumah punggawa. Dari keempat klasifikasi tindakan Weber selanjutnya hanya tiga yang akan penulis gunakan untuk menganalisis fenomena pada tradisi kuliwa pada masyarakat nelayan Mandar di Desa Pambusuang yaitu: tindakan rasionalitas, nilai tindakan afektif, dan tindakan tradisional, untuk memahami motif dan tujuan dari para pelaku tradisi kuliwa yang sampai dengan saat ini masih tetap menjaga dan melestarikannya. Tindakan rasionalitas nilai  berdasarkan temuan data yang ada, masyarakat Mandar di Desa Pambusuang yang telah melakukan kuliwa mengatakan bahwa melaksanakan kuliwa juga memaknainya tidak hanya sebagai suatu tradisi tetapi juga syarat akan nilai, seperti nilai sosial, agama dan lain lain. Tindakan afektif  berdasarkan temuan data yang ada salah satu tindakan emosianal yang terlihat pada tradisi kuliwa yaitu dimana para tetangga datang membantu untuk  mempersiapakan acara tradisi  kuliwa tersebut. Pada saat akan mulai acara dirumah, punggawa memanggil tetangga sekitar untuk ikut makan dirumah punggawa.  Tindakan tradisonal berdasarkan temuan data yang ada masyarakat Pambusuang yang memutuskan untuk melaksanakan kuliwa karena di dalam keluarga masyarakat tersebut ada kebiasaan untuk melaksanakan kuliwa dan kebiasaan tersebut sudah ada dari keturunan sebelumnya yang kemudian diteruskan pada keturunan berikutnya.

Cinematic Search for Identity in the Shade of Turkey’s 1960 Coup: The Social Realism Debate and The Hope

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-168
Author(s):  
Celal Hayir ◽  
Ayman Kole
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Social Realism ◽  
New Era ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Turkish Cinema ◽  
To Come ◽  
First Time ◽  
Democratic Constitution ◽  
Realism Debate

When the Turkish army seized power on May 27th, 1960, a new democratic constitution was carried into effect. The positive atmosphere created by the 1961 constitution quickly showed its effects on political balances in the parliament and it became difficult for one single party to come into power, which strengthened the multi-party-system. The freedom initiative created by 1961’s constitution had a direct effect on the rise of public opposition. Filmmakers, who generally steered clear from the discussion of social problems and conflicts until 1960, started to produce movies questioning conflicts in political, social and cultural life for the first time and discussions about the “Social Realism” movement in the ensuing films arose in cinematic circles in Turkey. At the same time, the “regional managers” emerged, and movies in line with demands of this system started to be produced. The Hope (Umut), produced by Yılmaz Güney in 1970, rang in a new era in Turkish cinema, because it differed from other movies previously made in its cinematic language, expression, and use of actors and settings. The aim of this study is to mention the reality discussions in Turkish cinema and outline the political facts which initiated this expression leading up to the film Umut (The Hope, directed by Yılmaz Güney), which has been accepted as the most distinctive social realist movie in Turkey. 

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ КОНФЛИКТОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
А. Н. Сухов
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Structure Dynamics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

This given article reveals the topicality not only of destructive, but also of constructive, as well as hybrid conflicts. Practically it has been done for the first time. It also describes the history of the formation of both foreign and domestic social conflictology. At the same time, the chronology of the development of the latter is restored and presented objectively, in full, taking into account the contribution of those researchers who actually stood at its origins. The article deals with the essence of the socio-psychological approach to understanding conflicts. The subject of social conflictology includes the regularities of their occurrence and manifestation at various levels, spheres and conditions, including normal, complicated and extreme ones. Social conflictology includes the theory and practice of diagnosing, resolving, and resolving social conflicts. It analyzes the difficulties that occur in defining the concept, structure, dynamics, and classification of social conflicts. Therefore, it is no accident that the most important task is to create a full-fledged theory of social conflicts. Without this, it is impossible to talk about effective settlement and resolution of social conflicts. Social conflictology is an integral part of conflictology. There is still a lot of work to be done, both in theory and in application, for its complete design. At present, there is an urgent need to develop conflict-related competence not only of professionals, but also for various groups of the population.

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