scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER PYLORIC AND INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
And Inversion

Experiments to determine the effect of furnishing an ample supply of sodium chloride on the toxemia of pyloric and intestinal obstruction are reported. A fall in chlorides is the first and seemingly most significant change to take place in the blood after pyloric and intestinal obstruction. The chloride is apparently utilized by the body as a protective measure against the primary toxic substance. Two dogs with pyloric obstruction were given 50 cc. of 10 per cent NaCl subcutaneously daily. One lived 3 days, the other 4. The blood showed little change, except a marked terminal rise in chlorides. Animals given a like amount of distilled water or 25 per cent glucose showed the changes typical of untreated animals. The obstruction of the pylorus was released in six dogs 48 to 72 hours after the initial operation. Two died within 24 hours after the second operation with a high non-protein nitrogen in the blood. Two survived but showed a high level of non-protein nitrogen in the blood and a high nitrogen excretion in the urine, low blood chlorides, and a marked alkalosis. One dog in such a state died on the 13th day from peritonitis, arising in a wound infection. The other showed a marked fall in non-protein nitrogen in the blood following the administration of 10 gm. of sodium chloride by mouth, but died following the intravenous injection of 25 per cent sodium chloride. Two animals were given 50 cc. of 10 per cent NaCl subcutaneously, at the time of the second operation. The blood rapidly returned to normal and complete recovery followed. Two dogs with the duodenum obstructed by section and inversion of the cut ends were treated with 10 per cent sodium chloride after the obstruction had existed for 48 hours and the characteristic blood changes had developed. The non-protein nitrogen returned to normal within 48 hours after treatment was begun. One dog died following a lateral anastomosis for relief of the obstruction. A second operation was not attempted in the other animal. Two dogs in which the duodenum was obstructed by section and inversion of the cut ends were given 500 cc. of 0.85 per cent NaCl subcutaneously on the day of operation and each day thereafter until death. One dog lived 21 days, the other 28. Both dogs showed a marked alkalosis, but never any rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood. The animals at autopsy showed intussusception of the ileum with extensive ulceration. In one there was a perforation and terminal peritonitis. The operation wounds healed normally. Three dogs with section of the duodenum were given 500 cc. of distilled water every day. One died in 24 hours, one in 48 hours, and the third in 72 hours. Autopsy showed no cause for death other than toxemia. One dog with section of the duodenum was given 500 cc. of 2 per cent glucose every day. The blood showed a rapid rise in non-protein nitrogen and carbon dioxide-combining power, and a fall in chlorides. The animal died 72 hours after operation. Three dogs with section of the duodenum were given 500 cc. of 1 per cent sodium bicarbonate every day. One dog died in 72 hours, one lived 7 days, and the third lived 9 days. All developed a high non-protein nitrogen in the blood and two showed marked clinical symptoms of an alkalosis. These results demonstrate that solutions of sodium chloride have a marked effect in preventing and controlling the toxemia of pyloric and intestinal obstruction as shown in clinical symptoms and in chemical changes in the blood. Dogs given an abundant supply of distilled water died more quickly than untreated control animals. Solutions of glucose have no specific value, and sodium bicarbonate solutions prolong life only a short while. Good therapeutic results have been obtained with very concentrated sodium chloride solutions, and with dry sodium chloride given by mouth. It seems evident that sodium chloride has a specific action in preventing and possibly in controlling the changes produced by the toxic body. Sodium chloride is a valuable therapeutic agent in pyloric and high intestinal obstruction.

Sodium chloride supplementation of high-grain diets for fattening Merino sheep

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL McClymont ◽  
KN Wynne ◽  
PK Briggs ◽  
MC Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
The One

In an experiment lasting 60 days the effect of adding sodium chloride to five types of diet was studied in young Merino wethers. The diets used were 100 per cent. oat grain, and 50 : 50 as well as 75 : 25 mixtures of oat grain with lucerne chaff on the one hand, and with wheaten chaff on the other. The addition of 0.25 per cent. sodium chloride to these diets resulted in increased food consumption and improved efficiency of food utilization, with significant increases of 19-58 per cent. in body-weight gains. The unsupplemented diets contained 0.009-0.062 per cent. sodium and 0.05-0.42 per cent. chlorine. There were indications that the lack of sodium was the limiting factor in these diets, and that the sodium requirement of these sheep was greater than 0.06 per cent. of the diet, or 0.88 g per day. Dietary sodium intake did not affect serum-sodium levels, except those of sheep fed on the 50 : 50 mixture of oats and lucerne chaff in which they were significantly higher. Serum-potassium levels were slightly, but significantly, higher in sheep fed on the low-sodium diets. In a second experiment the two groups which had received the 75 : 25 mixture of oat grain and wheaten chaff were fed on the mixture for a further 29 days, but the group which had not received sodium chloride was given 0.37 per cent. sodium bicarbonate. The response was similar to that of the group which received sodium chloride.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC SALTS ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE DUODENUM

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Untreated Animal ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Therapeutic Value

The chemical changes in the blood of dogs treated with various inorganic salts after obstruction of the duodenum are reported. Two dogs treated with sodium chloride survived approximately six times as long as the average untreated animal, one living 22 days, the other 24 days. Ammonium chloride was found to produce an acidosis. The administration of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride did not prevent the usual rise in non-protein nitrogen and fall in chlorides, and the fatal outcome. Iodides seemingly hasten the toxic process. Sodium bromide appears to have an inhibitory action upon it, but much less than that of sodium chloride. Sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium citrate, monosodium phosphate, and disodium phosphate failed to alter the course of the intoxication. Atropine and pilocarpine were without therapeutic value in preventing the changes characteristic of intestinal obstruction.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Cent Glucose ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

A study is reported of the effect of different methods of treatment on the toxemia of cardiac obstruction. The average duration of life of untreated dogs is 3 days. Three dogs treated with 1 per cent salt solution subcutaneously lived 32, 36, and 45 days respectively without developing a toxemia. 2 per cent glucose similarly given, does not alter the course of the toxemia. Concentrated salt solution in small quantities given directly into the jejunum prevents the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen but does not materially prolong life. Release of the obstruction does not change the course of the toxemia in untreated animals. The subcutaneous injection of 1 per cent sodium chloride solution after release of the obstruction causes a rapid return of the blood to normal and allows the animal to recover. A similar amount of fluid given as 2 per cent glucose does not alter the course of the toxemia after release of the obstruction.

CONTROL OF THE SALT-SECRETING GLAND OF THE DUCK: I. OSMOTIC REGULATION

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Lanthier ◽  
Thomas Sandor
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Electrolyte Concentration ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Domestic Duck ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion

The osmotic regulation of the salt gland secretion was studied in the domestic duck. The response to the intravenous infusion of 5% sodium chloride (850 meq Na per liter) was established in unanesthetized ducks. Sodium bicarbonate (892 meq Na/l) produced a salt gland secretion similar to that after 5% sodium chloride, except that it was accompanied by a moderate diuresis. Mannitol and sucrose had similar effects. On the other hand, urea, ammonium chloride, dextran, and meralluride produced only a small amount of salt-gland secretion of low electrolyte concentration. Antidiuretic doses of Pitressin did not induce secretion of the salt gland.

Efficacy and safety of lanreotide 120 mg in the treatment of clinical symptoms associated with inoperable malignant intestinal obstruction (IMIO): Results from a phase II multicenter study.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4118-4118
Author(s):  
Lionel Duck ◽  
Gauthier Demolin ◽  
Lionel A. D'Hondt ◽  
Catherine Dopchie ◽  
Koenraad Hendrickx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Somatostatin Analogues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Gynecological Cancers ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Clinical Trial Information ◽  
Time Point

4118 Background: Intestinal obstruction is a severe complication in patients (pts) with digestive or gynecological cancers. For inoperable pts, there is a need to relieve symptoms and limit nasogastric tube (NGT) use. Previous studies have suggested the efficacy of somatostatin analogues in relieving obstruction-related symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and pain. Methods: This was a single arm, prospective study (NCT02275338). Pts with IMIO received one deep subcutaneous injection of LAN 120mg at day 0 (D0). Evaluations were performed on D7, 14 and 28. The primary endpoint was the proportion of responders before or at D7. Response was defined as ≤2 vomiting episodes/day (for pts without NGT at baseline) or no vomiting recurrence (after NGT removal), during at least 3 consecutive days at any time point between the D0 and D7. In line with the literature, a proportion of 30% responders was used as reference for defining statistical significance. Responders at D28 were offered a second LAN 120 mg injection. Results: 52 pts with advanced GI or ovarian malignancies were included in 15 Belgian sites. 17 pts without NGT and 35 with NGT. 21 pts received a second dose of LAN. Median age was 68.0 (59.5; 76.0) years. On D7 the proportion of responders in the ITT population was 24/52 (46.2%), significantly greater than the reference proportion of 30% (one-sided binomial test: p = 0.006). Pts without NGT responded better (15/17, 88.2%) than pts with NGT (9/35, 25.7%). Pts without ascites responded better (57.7% vs 34.6%). Pts with NGT showed a steady trend for clinical improvement leading to sustainable responses of 45.7% on D14. Median time to response was 9 days for the overall population; 3 days for patients without NGT vs 14 days for patients with NGT (p < 0.001). The most frequently reported AEs were GI disorders (in 34 pts). The most common events were diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Conclusions: Our study is the first using long acting LAN 120mg in patients with IMIO and suggests an effect in controlling clinical symptoms in pts with and without NGT at baseline. LAN 120 mg safety profile was similar to that reported for the other indications. Clinical trial information: NCT02275338.

VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN FLUID MEDIA

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (6) ◽  
pp. 257-261
Author(s):  
L. E. Ranta ◽  
Mary McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Dipotassium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Fluid Media

Studies have been made of the growth of V. cholerae in fluid media of chemically defined compositions. The addition of three amino acids, tyrosine, asparagine, and glycine, to a fluid medium containing inorganic salts produced a growth of V. cholerae equivalent to a 450 p.p.m. silica standard. Under conditions of aeration with an air and carbon dioxide mixture, yields comparable to the turbidity of a 1600 p.p.m. silica standard were obtained with a medium composed of 0.67 gm. of tyrosine, 0.42 gm. of asparagine, 0.51 gm. of glycine, 5.0 gm. of sodium chloride, 5.0 gm. of ammonium sulphate, 0.75 gm. of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.1 gm. of magnesium sulphate, 10.0 gm. of glucose, and 15.0 gm. of sodium bicarbonate dissolved in one liter of distilled water.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Cent Sodium

Chemical changes are reported occurring in the blood of animals with obstruction of the jejunum, in which distilled water or sodium chloride solutions were introduced directly into the lumen of the intestine below the point of obstruction. Distilled water given daily from the beginning of the obstruction, had no influence on the development or course of the toxemia. 1 and 2 per cent salt solutions prevented a toxemia in uncomplicated cases. One animal so treated lived 30 days. Distilled water, given after the onset of toxemia, did not alter the progress or outcome of the toxemia. 10 per cent sodium chloride solution, administered after the onset of toxemia, controlled it in most cases for a long period. Hydrochloric acid had no effect on the course of the toxemia.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Cent Sodium

1. Adrenalin injected intraperitoneally increases the rapidity of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, independently of whether the solution to be absorbed is hypotonic or hypertonic or is approximately isotonic with the blood serum. The intravenous injection of adrenalin also increases the absorption of fluid, but not so markedly as does the intraperitoneal injection. 2. Adrenalin injected either intraperitoneally or intravenously increases the quantity of sodium chloride absorbed. The relative absorption of sodium chloride—the movement from the peritoneal cavity of sodium chloride, as compared with the movement of water—is slightly increased when 0.85 per cent. of sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected intraperitoneally; but it is diminished when adrenalin is injected intravenously, or when 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution and adrenalin are injected. When distilled water has been injected intraperitoneally, adrenalin decreases the relative amount of sodium chloride in the peritoneal fluid—a fact that is evidently related to the increased elimination of sodium chloride through the kidneys under the influence of adrenalin. 3. When 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood becomes diluted after two hours and a half. When adrenalin is also injected, the dilution of the blood is less marked, in spite of the increased absorption under the influence of adrenalin. When distilled water is injected into the peritoneal cavity, the blood is diluted equally in control and adrenalin experiments. When 1.5 per cent. sodium chloride solution is injected, the dilution of the blood is very slight, and in adrenalin experiments it is the same as in control experiments or very slightly greater than in control experiments. 4. The increase of absorption from the peritoneal cavity caused by the injection of adrenalin is not due to the increased diuresis caused by the injection of this substance. 5. The injection of adrenalin causes a temporary increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood, which gradually returns to normal. Under certain conditions, after the injection of adrenalin, there is a tendency toward maintaining the higher osmotic pressure of the blood serum, even up to the end of the experiment. We have reason to believe that this increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood is the main factor in increasing the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 6. In experiments in which 0.85 per cent. sodium chloride solution has been injected intraperitoneally, either with or without adrenalin, there exists a tendency of the peritoneal fluid to attain a greater osmotic pressure than the blood serum, in spite of the fact that the injected fluid is slightly hypotonic as compared with the blood serum. We note a similar condition in cases of general edema in man, in which the osmotic pressure of the ascitic fluid is greater than that of the other edematous fluids, or even that of the blood serum. There exists, therefore, a mechanism that causes the passage of osmotically active substances from the blood or from the tissues into the peritoneal cavity, and that causes the osmotic pressure of the peritoneal fluid to become higher than that of the blood. It follows from our experiments that this mechanism, which causes the ascites in edematous persons to have such a high osmotic pressure, is not dependent upon certain pathological changes in the lining membranes or upon other pathological conditions, but exists already in normal animals. 7. The addition of 1.22 per cent. calcium chloride solution to 0.83 per cent. sodium chloride solution, in such proportions as we used in our infusion experiments, in which we determined the transudation into the peritoneal cavity, delays the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity but very slightly. Therefore, calcium chloride increases directly the transudation into the peritoneal cavity and does not cause an increase in the amount of fluid in the peritoneal cavity merely by inhibiting the absorption. 8. It follows that adrenalin does not increase the amount of peritoneal transudate found after the intravenous infusion of large quantities of sodium chloride solution, to which adrenalin has been added, by delaying the absorption from the peritoneal cavity. The increased amounts of peritoneal fluid must be due to increased transudation into the peritoneal cavity; and the adrenalin, in view of its marked effect on absorption from the peritoneal cavity, must increase the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity much more strongly than could be assumed from the figures obtained in the infusion experiments.

scholarly journals A prospective study of inversion polymorphism in natural populations of two Drosophila species from eastern Mexico

Genetika ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Salceda
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grand Total ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
And Inversion

Relative frequencies for heterozygous inversions in nine populations of D. nebulosa and six of D. willistoni were analyzed. The analysis corresponds to a grand total of 1828 arm chromosomes in which their genotype were determined, of them 404 correspond for each one of the two polymorphic chromosomes, X and III, of D. nebulosa and 204 per chromosome arm in D. willistoni. The more abundant inversions, according to their relative frequencies in D. nebulosa were the XL inversion with 7.9 % and inversion ?A? in the third chromosome with 15.6 %, the remaining inversion found did not reach the ten percent. In the case of D. willistoni the more frequent inversions were for the XL arm inversions ?A? and ?D? with 13.7 and 12.2 percent respectively the remaining five did not reach a ten percent; in the XR arm the higher frequencies were for inversions ?D? and ?E? with 9.3 % each been the other four inversions with values less than five percent; in the IIL arm none of the seven inversions registered had values higher than six percent; inversion ?E? in the IIR arm showed a frequency of 24.5 % and the five remaining barely reached a frequency of 5 %; among the 12 different inversions recorded in the third chromosome, only inversion ?B? surpassed the ten percent in this case with 16.1 %. We must mention that the Standar sequence in all cases, for both species, always had high frequencies as shown in Tables II and III. The corresponding variability for this characteristic is for D. nebulosa 61.4 %.and 72.2% for D.willitoni. Concerning other parameter observed we have the average number of inversions per female in our case for D. nebulosa was 1.4 and for D. willistoni 3.6 which indicate the both species are marginal with respect to the distribution of this character in both species since in the central areas of distribution reach values up to nine inversions per female.

Effect of Processing on the Soluble Carbohydrate Content of Lentils

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
CONCEPCIÓN VIDAL-VAL VERDE ◽  
JUANA FRÍAS ◽  
SERAFÍN VAL VERDE
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Citric Acid Solution

Lentils (Lens culinaris), like other legumes, are important both nutritionally and agriculturally. Soaking of lentil drastically reduce the quantities of α-galactosides present in the raw material (45–100% reduction). Analysis of the soaking medium (distilled water, 0.1% citric acid solution, 0.07% sodium bicarbonate solution) showed that these losses could not be explained by leaching alone, since the α-galactosides in the soaking medium amounted to only 1–10% of the recorded losses. Other monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) underwent a conspicuous increase (120 and 280% respectively) after soaking. The results indicate that during the 9 h soaking period the sugars in the lentils underwent a metabolic mobilization reminiscent of the changes taking place during germination. Cooking of the soaked lentils modified the α-galactoside content only slightly. On the other hand fructose, glucose, and sucrose decreased significantly during cooking. Soaking and cooking in water led to removal of a substantial proportion of the flatulence-causing oligosaccharides.

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