scholarly journals THE DIPHASIC NATURE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN RABBITS AFTER INTRAVENOUS INOCULATION WITH BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI

1932 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
The State ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation

It has been shown that in a large group of rabbits inoculated intravenously with bovine tubercle bacilli the disease which follows resolves itself into two distinct phases. The first phase manifests itself in widespread diffuse lesions which subsequently regress. The mortality rate shows a rise and fall during this period, which have been correlated with the extent of lesions and with the changes in the blood cells. The duration of this phase is approximately 80 to 90 days. Following this period the mortality rate again rises and falls, during a period when all animals show lesions of a chronic nature. In an infected group the number of fatalities in the first phase is a function of the size of the dose. When the size of the dose and other conditions are held constant, a definite basis upon which to compare the reactions of treated animals is established. Studies of the blood cells during the course of the disease show that the changes in these cells reflect the course of the lesions in the first phase when other signs are lacking and offer a valuable means of making an estimate of the state of resistance of the animal from time to time. Studies of blood counts made on rabbits before their inoculation with tuberculosis were analyzed with regard to the relative longevity of the animals. It was found that those animals whose blood cells of various sorts deviated least from the modal value for the entire group survived longer than those animals whose counts were significantly high or low.

scholarly journals The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo ◽  
Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Javier Buesa ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz ◽  
Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Oral Vaccines

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.

scholarly journals Using redox potential as a feasible marker for banked blood quality and the state of oxidative stress in stored red blood cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney C. Daniels ◽  
Hyesun Jun ◽  
Robertson D. Davenport ◽  
Maryanne M. Collinson ◽  
Kevin R. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Redox Potential ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
The State

scholarly journals The Effect of Experimental Escherichia coli Infection on Some Blood Parameters and Histological Changes in Male Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Hayder AL – Zamely
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of experimental infection by Escherichia coli on some blood parameters and histopathological changes in male rats to reach this objective twenty male rats (Rattus norvigicus) were divided into two groups, housed under same conditions of water, feed, temperature, light and humidity. The first one served as control group, while the second was experimentally infected with Ecoli by administration of 2ml / rat of (1×109) colony forming unit/ml of E-coli. Five days later blood were obtained from animals by cardiac puncture to measure the total and differential white blood cells count hemoglobin concentration packed cells volume red blood cells count, and thrombocytes count. One animal from each group was killed and histopathological examination was done for intestine kidney liver and spleen to detect the effect of infection on these organs. The results revealed a significant increase in total leukocytes count (P<005) in infected group while the differential count showed a significant increase in neutrophils and significant decrease in lymphocytes (P< 0.05) in same group. There were a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration packed cell volume and non significant decrease in red blood cells count. While thrombocytes count showed a significant decrease in infected group compared with control group (P<0.05). The histopathological examination of infected male rats intestine was demonstrated mild diffuse inflammation which include increased numbers of neutrophile in tissue intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells In kidney renal tubules showed extensive epithelial swelling with decreased lumen space and generalized necrotic changes with interstitial hemorrhage in renal cortex. In liver hepatocytes were swollen with decreased sinusoidal spaces and widely distributed necrotic foci were seen. There is extensive splenic necrosis with infiltration of leukocytes from white pulp to red pulp of spleen.

scholarly journals Epidemiological statistics of adolescent suicide during confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic in Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-803
Author(s):  
Andres Joaquin Guarnizo Chávez ◽  
Nathaly Alejandra Romero Heredia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Adolescent Suicide ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Suicide Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Psychological Suffering

Introduction: Adolescent suicide is a public health problem that has been neglected due to the pandemic and confinement. Objective: To describe the characteristics of adolescent suicide, during the period of confinement due to pandemic in the year 2020 in Ecuador. Method: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out, with the information from the database of violent deaths of the Ministry of Government, from March 17 to September 13, which lasted through the state of emergency. The analysis was carried out by province, sex, age, suicide method and frequency in days after the event occurred. The suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 inhabitants) was estimated for each province. Results: During confinement due to a state of emergency in 2020 in Ecuador, 97 suicides were registered among adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age. The highest number was estimated in males between 15 and 19 years of age, with the most frequent age being 19. The most frequent day of removal of corpses was on Mondays, and the preferred mode of suicide was by hanging with 81 reported cases. followed by intoxication and poisoning. Conclusions: No increases were found in the suicide mortality rate during the state of emergency in 2020. However, it must be considered that the context of COVID-19 has increased the burden of psychological suffering, which may lead adolescents to think about suicide.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION OF UKRAINE: NATURAL MOVEMENT AND POPULATION REPRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Svydlo ◽  
◽  
Iryna Sierova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Due to the difficult socio-economic situation and worsening of demographic situation, including the consequences of hostilities and ongoing occupation of the part of Ukraine, today the importance of population study and the research on the factors influencing its changes is increasing. During the study of demographic processes on the basis of a thorough analysis, strategic decisions relevant to the use and reproduction of the country's labour potential, stimulation of the birth rate, reduction of mortality, increase of natural population growth, prevention of depopulation processes, providing effective employment and improvement of social protection of the people are made. The demographic factor is one of the determinants for ensuring sustainable and safe development of the country, and the issue of demographic development should be considered as a factor and at the same time as a result of the functioning of the state. The main purpose of the study is to identify trends in the changes of the main indicators characterizing demographic processes in the country. Methodologically and informationally, this paper is based on the scientific works, the materials from reccurent publications and Internet, the laws and regula-tions and the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The methods used in the study are structural and dynamic analysis, comparison and generalization of the data collected by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. During a study of a phenomenon or a process, first of all, the categorical apparatus is determined. Based on the purpose of the study, the concept of reproduction and natural movement of the population is defined and their theoretical description is given. This paper considers the reproduction of the population as the historically and socio-economically conditioned process of constant and continuous renewal of hu-man generations. Since the natural movement of the population is a process analysis of the birth and death of people, this paper considers such types of population reproduction as archetype, traditional type, transitional type and modern type. For the analysis of the natural movement of the population as a component of demographic safety, the following indicators were evaluated: average life expectancy at birth; depopulation rate; the overall mortality rate of the country's population; in-fant mortality (child mortality up to the age of 1); total birth rate; net reproduction rate; marriage rate; divorce rate. The findings of the analysis show that the main rea-son of the worsening of demographic situation is decrease in the birth rate and in-crease in the mortality rate. Currently, the birth rate in Ukraine is largely limited by both economic factors (insufficient wages, shortage of jobs) and social factors (changes in reproductive habits and norms expressed in the popularity of single-parent families). The analysis revealed socio-economic factors influencing the demo-graphic situation in Ukraine.

MODIFICATION OF THE TECHNIC OF TREATING ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS BY EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER S. WIENER ◽  
IRVING B. WEXLER
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Exchange Transfusion ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Adult Plasma

A simplified method of treating erythroblastosis by exchange transfusion is described in which the patient is bled and simultaneously transfused with compatible packed red cells. A table is presented which gives the final hematocrit and percentage of inagglutinable red blood cells in the patient's body at the termination of the exchange transfusion, in relation to the patient's initial hematocrit and the amount of blood exchanged. An exchange transfusion with 100 to 150 cc. of packed cells appears to be adequate regardless of the severity of the anemia. Statistical analysis of the result of 106 exchange transfusions shows a progressive drop in mortality rate from 23.7% in 38 cases treated with 500 cc. of whole citrated blood, to 14.6 cc. in 48 cases treated with 1,000 cc. of whole citrated blood, and to 10.0% in 20 cases treated with 120 cc. of packed cells. While the improvement may be accidental, there is no doubt that exchange transfusion with packed cells is a simpler procedure which avoids the introduction into the patient's body of large amounts of adult plasma, and potentially toxic doses of citrate and calcium. Two cases are described in detail which have unusual serologic and clinical features and illustrate the types of problems which may arise when treating erythroblastotic babies.

Acquired tolerance of turkeys to Rous sarcoma agent

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Skin Transplantation ◽  
Turkey Poult ◽  
Rous Sarcoma ◽  
Virus Tolerance ◽  
Transplantation Antigens ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Host Component

Five- to eight-weeks old A.M.B. turkeys cannot be infected by intramuscular injection with cell-free Rous tumour agent unless they have been made tolerant by intravenous inoculation at 1 day old with whole blood or with washed blood cells from young normal chickens of the strain in which the sarcoma is usually propagated. The duration of the immunologically null period in the turkey poult has been investigated together with the specificity and stability of the tolerance-producing antigens and their relationship to skin transplantation antigens. The results afford strong support for the existence of at least one immunologically distinctive host component for the Rous agent, and this method of investigation, i.e. the production of virus tolerance in another species with identifiable antigens (possible sources of which are discussed), appears to offer an opportunity for identifying such a component or components.

Nucleated Red Blood Cells Are Associated with a Higher Mortality Rate in Patients with Surgical Sepsis

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 360-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapana Desai ◽  
Stephen L. Jones ◽  
Krista L. Turner ◽  
Jeff Hall ◽  
Laura J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Nucleated Red Blood Cells
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