Interaction of chemosensory, visual, and statocyst pathways in Hermissenda crassicornis.

Neurons in the cerebropleural ganglia (CPG), photoreceptors in the eye, optic ganglion cells, and statocyst hair cells of the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis responded in specific ways, as recorded intracellularly, to stimulation of the chemosensory pathway originating at the tentacular chemoreceptors as well as to stimulation of the visual pathway originating at the photoreceptors. Synaptic inhibition of photoreceptors occurs via the chemosensory pathway. The possible significance of such intersensory interaction is discussed with reference to preliminary investigation of the animal's gustatory behavior and possible neural mechanisms of behavioral choice.

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Neural Encoding of Sound Sensation Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Acoustic Nerve

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348947308200407 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 486-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Michael M. Merzenich ◽

Robin P. Michelson ◽

C. Robert Pettit ◽

Robert A. Schindler ◽

Miriam Reid

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Inferior Colliculus ◽

Hair Cells ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Bipolar Electrode ◽

Cochlear Hair Cells ◽

Acoustic Nerve ◽

Electrical Stimuli ◽

Stimulation Of

A series of psychoacoustic experiments was conducted in subjects implanted with a permanent intracochlear bipolar electrode. These experiments were designed to reveal the nature of the sensation evoked by direct sinusoidal electrical stimulation of the acoustic nerve. A series of single unit experiments in the inferior colliculus of cats was then conducted, using intracochlear stimulus electrodes identical to those implanted in human subjects in all respects except size, and using identical stimuli. These physiological experiments were designed to reveal how sounds evoked by intracochlear electrical stimulation in humans are generated and encoded in the auditory nervous system. Among the results were the following: 1) The sensation arises from direct electrical stimulation of the acoustic nerve. It is not “electrophonic” hearing arising from electro-mechanical excitation of hair cells. 2) While sounds are heard with electrical stimulation at frequencies from below 25 to above 10,000 Hz, the useful range of discriminative hearing is limited to frequencies below 400–600 Hz. 3) There is no “place” coding of electrical stimuli of different frequency. Tonal sensations generated by electrical stimulation must be encoded by the time order of discharge of auditory neurons. 4) The periods of sinusoidal electrical stimuli are encoded in discharges of inferior colliculus neurons at frequencies up to 400–600 Hz. 5) Both psychoacoustic and physiological evidence indicates that the low tone sensations evoked by electrical stimulation are akin to the sensations of “periodicity pitch” generated in the normal cochlea. 6) Most cochlear hair cells are lost with intracochlear implantation with this electrode. Most ganglion cells survive implantation. Implications of these experiments for further development of an acoustic prosthesis are discussed.

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Neural mechanisms of hepatic blood flow response to noxious mechanical stimulation of skin in anesthetized rats

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/s0168-0102(00)81890-8 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. S174

Author(s):

K Enomoto

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Hepatic Blood Flow ◽

Mechanical Stimulation ◽

Neural Mechanisms ◽

Blood Flow Response ◽

Flow Response ◽

Anesthetized Rats ◽

Noxious Mechanical Stimulation ◽

Stimulation Of

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Electrical stimulation of retinal neurons in epiretinal and subretinal configuration using a multicapacitor array

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00909.2011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 107 (10) ◽

pp. 2742-2755 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Max Eickenscheidt ◽

Martin Jenkner ◽

Roland Thewes ◽

Peter Fromherz ◽

Günther Zeck

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Biophysical Model ◽

Retinal Neurons ◽

Direct Stimulation ◽

Tungsten Electrode ◽

Partial Restoration ◽

Low Amplitude ◽

Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation of retinal neurons offers the possibility of partial restoration of visual function. Challenges in neuroprosthetic applications are the long-term stability of the metal-based devices and the physiological activation of retinal circuitry. In this study, we demonstrate electrical stimulation of different classes of retinal neurons with a multicapacitor array. The array—insulated by an inert oxide—allows for safe stimulation with monophasic anodal or cathodal current pulses of low amplitude. Ex vivo rabbit retinas were interfaced in either epiretinal or subretinal configuration to the multicapacitor array. The evoked activity was recorded from ganglion cells that respond to light increments by an extracellular tungsten electrode. First, a monophasic epiretinal cathodal or a subretinal anodal current pulse evokes a complex burst of action potentials in ganglion cells. The first action potential occurs within 1 ms and is attributed to direct stimulation. Within the next milliseconds additional spikes are evoked through bipolar cell or photoreceptor depolarization, as confirmed by pharmacological blockers. Second, monophasic epiretinal anodal or subretinal cathodal currents elicit spikes in ganglion cells by hyperpolarization of photoreceptor terminals. These stimuli mimic the photoreceptor response to light increments. Third, the stimulation symmetry between current polarities (anodal/cathodal) and retina-array configuration (epi/sub) is confirmed in an experiment in which stimuli presented at different positions reveal the center-surround organization of the ganglion cell. A simple biophysical model that relies on voltage changes of cell terminals in the transretinal electric field above the stimulation capacitor explains our results. This study provides a comprehensive guide for efficient stimulation of different retinal neuronal classes with low-amplitude capacitive currents.

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Discharges of tectal neurons evoked by electrical stimulation of single retinal ganglion cells in frogs

Neurophysiology ◽

10.1007/bf01052684 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 641-646

Author(s):

A. V. Kuras ◽

N. P. Khusainovene

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Tectal Neurons ◽

Stimulation Of

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Electron Microscopic Findings in Presbycusic Degeneration of the Basal Turn of the Human Cochlea

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459987908700617 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 818-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Joseph B. Nadol

Keyword(s):

Light Microscopy ◽

Hair Cells ◽

Basilar Membrane ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Degenerative Changes ◽

Supporting Cells ◽

Neural Degeneration ◽

Basal Turn ◽

Temporal Bones

Three human temporal bones with presbycusis affecting the basal turn of the cochlea were studied by light and electron microscopy. Conditions in two ears examined by light microscopy were typical of primary neural degeneration, with a descending audiometric pattern, loss of cochlear neurons in the basal turn, and preservation of the organ of Corti. Ultrastructural analysis revealed normal hair cells and marked degenerative changes of the remaining neural fibers, especially in the basal turn. These changes included a decrease in the number of synapses at the base of hair cells, accumulation of cellular debris in the spiral bundles, abnormalities of the dendritic fibers and their sheaths in the osseous spiral lamina, and degenerative changes in the spiral ganglion cells and axons. These changes were interpreted as an intermediate stage of degeneration prior to total loss of nerve fibers and ganglion cells as visualized by light microscopy. In the third ear the changes observed were typical of primary degeneration of hair and supporting cells in the basal turn with secondary neural degeneration. Additional observations at an ultrastructural level included maintenance of the tight junctions of the scala media despite loss of both hair and supporting cells, suggesting a capacity for cellular “healing” in the inner ear. Degenerative changes were found in the remaining neural fibers in the osseous spiral lamina. In addition, there was marked thickening of the basilar membrane in the basal turn, which consisted of an increased number of fibrils and an accumulation of amorphous osmiophilic material in the basilar membrane. This finding supports the concept that mechanical alterations may occur in presbycusis of the basal turn.

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Intracellular calcium variations evoked by mechanical stimulation of mammalian isolated vestibular type I hair cells

Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology ◽

10.1007/bf00585956 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 427 (1-2) ◽

pp. 162-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Christian Chabbert ◽

Gwenaelle Geleoc ◽

Jacques Lehouelleur ◽

Alain Sans

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Calcium ◽

Mechanical Stimulation ◽

Hair Cells ◽

Type I ◽

Stimulation Of

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Tuned phasic and tonic motile responses of isolated outer hair cells to direct mechanical stimulation of the cell body

Hearing Research ◽

10.1016/0378-5955(94)90280-1 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 35-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Lou Brundin ◽

Ian Russell

Keyword(s):

Cell Body ◽

Mechanical Stimulation ◽

Hair Cells ◽

Outer Hair Cells ◽

Stimulation Of

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Direct mechanical stimulation of tip links in hair cells through DNA tethers

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.16041 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Aakash Basu ◽

Samuel Lagier ◽

Maria Vologodskaia ◽

Brian A Fabella ◽

AJ Hudspeth

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Gradient ◽

Mechanical Stimulation ◽

Hair Cells ◽

Magnetic Field Gradient ◽

Hair Bundle ◽

Mechanical Forces ◽

Mechanoelectrical Transduction ◽

Superparamagnetic Beads ◽

Stimulation Of

Mechanoelectrical transduction by hair cells commences with hair-bundle deflection, which is postulated to tense filamentous tip links connected to transduction channels. Because direct mechanical stimulation of tip links has not been experimentally possible, this hypothesis has not been tested. We have engineered DNA tethers that link superparamagnetic beads to tip links and exert mechanical forces on the links when exposed to a magnetic-field gradient. By pulling directly on tip links of the bullfrog's sacculus we have evoked transduction currents from hair cells, confirming the hypothesis that tension in the tip links opens transduction channels. This demonstration of direct mechanical access to tip links additionally lays a foundation for experiments probing the mechanics of individual channels.

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Bicycronic construct for optogenetic prosthesis of ganglion cell receptive field of degenerated retina

Доклады Академии наук ◽

10.31857/s0869-56524862258-261 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 486 (2) ◽

pp. 258-261

Author(s):

L. E. Petrovskaya ◽

M. V. Roshchin ◽

G. R. Smirnova ◽

D. E. Kolotova ◽

P. M. Balaban ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Receptive Field ◽

Ganglion Cell ◽

Retinal Ganglion Cell ◽

Distinctive Feature ◽

Action Potentials ◽

Ganglion Cells ◽

Retinal Ganglion ◽

Light Stimulation ◽

Genetic Construct ◽

Stimulation Of

For the purpose of optogenetic prosthetics of the receptive field of the retinal ganglion cell, we have created a bicistronic genetic construct that carries genes of excitatory (channelorhodopsin2) and inhibitory (anionic channelorhodopsin) rhodopsins. A distinctive feature of this construct is the combination of two genes into one construct with the mutant IRES inserted between them, which ensures precise ratio of the expression levels of the first and second gene in each transfected cell. It was found that the illumination of the central part of transfected neuron with light with a wavelength of 470 nm causes the generation of action potentials in the cell. At the same time, light stimulation of the periphery of the neuron causes cessation of the generation of action potentials. Thus, we were able to simulate the ON-OFF interaction of the receptive field of the retinal ganglion cell using optogenetic methods. Theoretically, this construction can be used for optogenetic prosthetics of degenerative retina in case of its delivery to ganglion cells using lentiviral vectors.

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