Epidemiology of Severe Pneumonia Caused by Legionella longbeachae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae: 1-Year, Population-Based Surveillance for Severe Pneumonia in Thailand

The impact of respiratory coinfections in COVID-19 is still not well understood despite the growing evidence that consider coinfections greater than expected. A total of 295 patients older than 18 years of age, hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of moderate/severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (according to definitions established by the Ministry of Health of Peru) were enrolled during the study period. A coinfection with one or more respiratory pathogens was detected in 154 (52.2%) patients at hospital admission. The most common coinfections were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (28.1%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (8.8%) and with both bacteria (11.5%); followed by Adenovirus (1.7%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae/Adenovirus (0.7%), Chlamydia pneumoniae/Adenovirus (0.7%), RSV-B/Chlamydia pneumoniae (0.3%) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae/Chlamydia pneumoniae/Adenovirus (0.3%). Expectoration was less frequent in coinfected individuals compared to non-coinfected (5.8% vs. 12.8%). Sepsis was more frequent among coinfected patients than non-coinfected individuals (33.1% vs. 20.6%) and 41% of the patients who received macrolides empirically were PCR-positive for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae.

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Chlamydia Pneumoniae: Comparison with Findings of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae and Streptococcus Pneumoniae at Thin-Section CT

Yearbook of Diagnostic Radiology ◽

10.1016/s0098-1672(08)70024-9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2007 ◽

pp. 28-29

Author(s):

M.L. Rosado de Christenson

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Thin Section ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Chlamydia Pneumoniae

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Absence of Association between Previous Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Subsequent Myasthenia Gravis: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18147677 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (14) ◽

pp. 7677

Author(s):

Kuan Chen ◽

James Cheng-Chung Wei ◽

Hei-Tung Yip ◽

Mei-Chia Chou ◽

Renin Chang

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Myasthenia Gravis ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Case Reports ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Population Based ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards ◽

The Impact

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is not only one of the most common pathogenic bacteria for respiratory infection but also a trigger for many autoimmune diseases. Its infection process shared many similarities with the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG) at cellular and cytokine levels. Recent case reports demonstrated patients present with MG after M. pneumoniae infection. However, no epidemiological studies ever looked into the association between the two. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between M. pneumoniae infection and subsequent development of MG. In this population-based retrospective cohort study, the risk of MG was analyzed in patients who were newly diagnosed with M. pneumoniae infection between 2000 and 2013. A total of 2428 M. pneumoniae patients were included and matched with the non-M. pneumoniae control cohort at a 1:4 ratio by age, sex, and index date. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was applied to analyze the risk of MG development after adjusting for sex, age, and comorbidities, with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The incidence rates of MG in the non-M. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae cohorts were 0.96 and 1.97 per 10,000 person-years, respectively. Another case–control study of patients with MG (n = 515) was conducted to analyze the impact of M. pneumoniae on MG occurrence as a sensitivity analysis. The analysis yielded consistent absence of a link between M. pneumoniae and MG. Although previous studies have reported that M. pneumoniae infection and MG may share associated immunologic pathways, we found no statistical significance between M. pneumoniae infection and subsequent development of MG in this study.

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Emerging role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in paediatric respiratorytract infections

The Lancet Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/s1473-3099(01)00147-5 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 334-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

Nicola Principi ◽

Susanna Esposito

Keyword(s):

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Chlamydia Pneumoniae

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Clinical Presentation and Bacterial Etiology of Adult Community Acquired Pneumonia

Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons ◽

10.3329/jbcps.v34i3.32343 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 128-134

Author(s):

Md Abdus Salam ◽

Md Robed Amin ◽

Quazi Tarikul Islam

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Sputum Culture ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

The Mean ◽

Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: Pneumonia is a worldwide, serious threat to health and an enormous socio-economic burden for health care system. According to recent WHO data, each year 3-4 million patients die from pneumonia. The clinical presentations and bacterial agents responsible for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) varies according to geography and culture.Methods: A cross sectional observational study conducted among the 53 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of CAP in admitted patient in the department of Medicine, DMCH, during January 2010 to December 2010. Hematological measurements (TC of WBC, Hb%, ESR, platelet count), blood culture, chest X-ray P/A view, sputum for Gram staining and culture sensitivity, sputum for AFB, blood urea and random blood sugar were done in all cases. ELISA for IgM antibody of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were done in sputum culture negative cases.Results: The mean (±SD) age was 38.9±17.3 years and Male female ratio was 3:1. Fever, chest pain and productive cough were the most common clinical features. The mean (±SD) respiratory rate was 23.0±2.8 /minute . COPD and DM were found in 17.0% and 5.7% of patients respectively . Blood culture was found positive in only 1.9% of the study patients. Gram positive Cocci 62.26%, Gram negative Bacilli 9.43%, mixed Gram positive cocci and Gram negative bacilli 11.32% and Gram negative Cocco Bacilli 1.9% were observed and in 15.03 % cases, no bacteria could be seen. Sputum culture revealed 53.8% streptococcus pneumoniae, 26.9% Klebsiella pneumonia as predominant organism. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were found in 7.4% and 3.7% respectively by serological test. For Streptococcus pneumoniae, sensitive antibiotics were Amoxyclav and Levofloxacin. For Gram negative bacilli and coccobacilli, more sensitive antibiotics were Meropenem, Ceftriaxone, and Clarithromycin. The best sensitive drug were found meropenem. The mean (±SD) duration of hospital stay was 5.0±1.7 days with ranging from 3 to 10 days.Conclusion: Region based bacteroiological diagnosis of Cap is important for selecting the best and sensitive drugs for complete cure.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2016; 34(3): 128-134

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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-associated erythema multiforme

Pediatric Reports ◽

10.4081/pr.2013.e9 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Shinsaku Imashuku ◽

Naoko Kudo

Keyword(s):

Herpes Simplex ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Erythema Multiforme ◽

Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽

Elisa Test ◽

The Past

There is a well-known correlation between Herpes simplex (HSV) infection and erythema multiforme (EM). More recently, in Japan, it was found that Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) may promote the development of EM. All cases of Cp infection-associated EM that had been diagnosed in our clinic over the past two years (from 2011 to 2012) were analyzed. Cp infection was diagnosed on the basis of a significant increase (>2.00) in anti-Cp IgM titers, as measured by the HITAZYME-ELISA test. There were 7 cases of Cp-EM, one male and 6 females. Median age was 13 years (range 3-29 years). It is recommended that the possible involvement of Cp infection, besides HSV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, should be considered in all cases of EM.

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Clinical diagnostic application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in children with severe pneumonia

10.21203/rs.2.9537/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Heping Wang ◽

Zhiwei Lu ◽

Yaomin Bao ◽

Yonghong Yang ◽

Ronald de Groot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

Clinical Diagnostics ◽

Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽

Direct Immunofluorescence ◽

Specific Information ◽

Next Generation ◽

Blood Tests ◽

Generation Sequencing

Abstract Background: Pneumonia is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Identification and characterization of pathogens that cause infections are crucial for accurate treatment and accelerated recovery of the patients. However, in most cases the causative agent cannot be identified partly due to the limited spectrum covered by current diagnostics based on nucleic acid amplification. Therefore, in this study we explored the application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for the diagnosis of children with severe pneumonia. Methods: From April to July 2017, 32 children were hospitalized with severe pneumonia in Shenzhen Children’s Hospital. Blood tests were conducted immediately after hospitalization to assess infection, oropharygeal swabs were collected to identify common pathogens. After bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were collected for further pathogen identification using standardized laboratory and mNGS. Results: Blood tests were normal in 3 of the 32 children. In oropharygeal swabs from 5 patients Mycoplasma pneumoniae by qPCR, 27 cases showed negative results for common pathogens. In BALFs we detected 6 cases with Mycoplasma pneumoniae with qPCR, 9 patients with adenovirus by using a Direct Immunofluorescence Assay (DFA) and 4 patients with bacterial infections, as determined by culture, In 3 of the cases a co-infection was detected. In 15 cases no common pathogens were found in BALF samples, using the current diagnostics, while in all the 32 BALFS pathogens were identified using mNGS, including adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, cytomegalovirus andbocavirus. Conclusions: mNGS can increase the sensitivity of detection of the causative pathogens in children with severe pneumonia. In addition, mNGS will give more strain specific information, will help to identify new pathogens and could potentially help to trace and control outbreaks. In this study we have shown that it is feasible to have the results within 24 hours, making the application of mNGS feasible for clinical diagnostics.

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