Do Intensive Hospital Antibiotic Control Programs Prevent the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance?

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Antibiotic Control

scholarly journals Evaluation of Strategies for Fire Blight Control in Organic Pome Fruit Without Antibiotics

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Johnson ◽  
Todd N. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
National Organic Program ◽  
Antibiotic Control ◽  
Fruit Load

Apple and pear produced organically under the U.S. National Organic Program (NOP) standard can be treated with antibiotics for suppression of fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora. Recent regulatory actions by the NOP, however, have lessened the likelihood of antibiotic use after the 2014 season. In response, western U.S. organic apple and pear stakeholders identified two immediate-need research objectives related to fire blight control: development of effective non-antibiotic control programs based on combinations of registered biological products; and, in apple, integration of these products with lime sulfur, which is sprayed at early bloom to reduce fruit load. In orchard trials in Oregon, increasing the frequency of treatment with biological products improved suppression of floral infection. In apple, fruit load thinning with 2% lime sulfur plus 2% fish oil (LS+FO) at 30 and 70% bloom significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the proportion of blighted flower clusters in four of five orchard trials. Moreover, lime sulfur significantly (P ≤ 0.05) suppressed epiphytic populations of E. amylovora after their establishment on apple flowers. Over four trials, treatment with Aureobasidium pullulans (Blossom Protect) after LS+FO reduced the incidence of fire blight by an average of 92% compared with water only; this level of control was similar to treatment with streptomycin. In three seasons, a spray of a Pantoea agglomerans product after the 70% bloom treatment of LS+FO established the antagonist on a significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher proportion of flowers compared with a spray of this bacterium before the thinning treatment. Consequently, in apple, biological treatments for fire blight control are not advised until after lime sulfur treatments for fruit load thinning are completed.

scholarly journals Evolution of antibiotic resistance at low antibiotic concentrations including selection below the minimal selective concentration

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isobel C. Stanton ◽  
Aimee K. Murray ◽  
Lihong Zhang ◽  
Jason Snape ◽  
William H. Gaze
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Positive Selection ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Environmental Concentrations ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Antibiotic Control ◽  
Watch List

AbstractDetermining the selective potential of antibiotics at environmental concentrations is critical for designing effective strategies to limit selection for antibiotic resistance. This study determined the minimal selective concentrations (MSCs) for macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics included on the European Commissionʼs Water Framework Directive’s priority hazardous substances Watch List. The macrolides demonstrated positive selection for ermF at concentrations 1–2 orders of magnitude greater (>500 and <750 µg/L) than measured environmental concentrations (MECs). Ciprofloxacin illustrated positive selection for intI1 at concentrations similar to current MECs (>7.8 and <15.6 µg/L). This highlights the need for compound specific assessment of selective potential. In addition, a sub-MSC selective window defined by the minimal increased persistence concentration (MIPC) is described. Differential rates of negative selection (or persistence) were associated with elevated prevalence relative to the no antibiotic control below the MSC. This increased persistence leads to opportunities for further selection over time and risk of human exposure and environmental transmission.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Production in Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains, Isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mexico City

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabrera-Contreras ◽  
Rubén Morelos-Ramírez ◽  
Ada Nelly Galicia-Camacho ◽  
Enrique Meléndez-Herrada
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Resistance Markers

Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from nosocomial infections represent a serious problem worldwide. In various Mexican states several reports have shown isolates from hospitals with antibiotic resistance to methicillin. In Mexico City, there is scarce information on staphylococcal infections in hospitals. Here, our research findings are shown in a four-year period study (2006–2010) for Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. Susceptibility and/or resistance to antibiotics in SE strains were assessed by phenotypic and molecular methods as mecA gene by PCR, as well as the correlation with biofilm production for these isolates and the relationship to the infection site. Out of a total of 161 (66%) negative biofilm SE strains, just 103 (64%) SE strains were confirmed as MRSE by PCR to mecA gene. From 84 (34%) positive biofilm SE strains, 76 (91%) were confirmed as MRSE by PCR to mecA gene. Higher percentages of resistance to antibiotics and higher number of resistance markers were found in biofilm-forming clinical strains (9 to 14) than non-biofilm-forming SE strains (3 to 8). These research findings represent a guide to establish infection control programs for this hospital.

Survey of Antibiotic Control Policies in University-Affiliated Teaching Institutions

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy S Lesar ◽  
Laurie L Briceland
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
The Us ◽  
Infectious Disease Service ◽  
The University ◽  
Antibiotic Control

OBJECTIVE: To determine the type and extent of antibiotic control policies currently in use in a group of university-affiliated teaching institutions. DESIGN: A survey of antibiotic control policies and procedures (e.g., antibiotic order sheets, formulary restrictions, automatic stop orders for specific indications) was developed. SETTING: The University Hospital Consortium (UHC), a nonprofit group of academic health centers located in 33 states throughout the US. PARTICIPANTS: The survey was mailed to 60 UHC members. RESULTS: The survey was returned by 48 (80%) institutions. Most hospitals use either restrictions (81%) and/or official recommendations (56%) to manage antibiotic use. Antibiotics were restricted most commonly by service or unit (69%), indication (69%), or to the infectious disease service (60%). Antibiotic order sheets are used in 21 (44%) of the hospitals, of which 14 require completion by the prescriber. Monitoring of compliance with established restrictions is primarily the responsibility of the pharmacist processing the order (84%) and/or a clinical pharmacist (53%). When an order does not comply with restrictions or compliance cannot be determined, the prescriber is contacted prior to dispensing in 77% and 83% of the cases, respectively. In cases of noncompliance in which the prescriber refuses to alter an order to meet restrictions, 40% of hospitals refuse to dispense the drug and 35% dispense the drug but refer the case to another authority (infectious disease service or pharmacy and therapeutics committee). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the widespread use of antibiotic control programs, further investigation of the success of such programs in optimizing drug therapy, improving patient outcome, and curtailing the antibiotic budget within and among specific institutions is warranted.

scholarly journals Antibiotics- A Miracle Drug as Crop Protectants: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Valarmathi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Negative Aspect ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Resistant Strains

Antibiotics known as the drugs of wonder seem to have long run since olden times as significant in its application towards agriculture. Antibiotics have its application to control bacterial, fungal, viral and phytoplasmal diseases of high valued tree crops and plants of ornamental in nature. The laws of drug in various countries differ distress over use of antibiotics as crop protectants. The main concern related to use of antibiotics is appropriate and hence more information is needed over the effectiveness and safety use of antibiotics in controlling plant diseases. Development of antibiotic resistance in plant-pathogenic bacteria alarmed problem in the agro pathosystems where it have been used for many years in disease control programs. The efficacy of antibiotics to control plant diseases has been diminished due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains for the particular pathogens. Inspite of negative aspect, the antibiotics seems to continue important tools for the management of the important devastating plant diseases.

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