scholarly journals Comparative field tests of an electrochromic shading device - thermal and visual comfort

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012222
Author(s):  
A Nocente ◽  
O Oksavik ◽  
L Gullbrekken ◽  
S Grynning
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Comparative Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Electrochromic Devices ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Solar Shading ◽  
Shading Device

Abstract Electrochromic devices (EC), or Smart Windows, are amongst the most promising technologies to increase users’ wellbeing in buildings. A comparative test of EC windows performance was realised in the ZEB Test Cell Laboratory in Trondheim, Norway. Two identical rooms were used for the comparative tests. One of the rooms was equipped with EC devices. The other room was equipped with a traditional insulated glazing unit (IGU) with external solar shading device. Three automatic control strategies were tested in this experiment. The EC device demonstrated a good impact on the thermal and visual comfort when compared to a traditional IGU without moveable shading and a traditional IGU with an external screen.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Control Methods for PV-Integrated Shading Devices

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3171
Author(s):  
Sung Kwon Jung ◽  
Youngchul Kim ◽  
Jin Woo Moon
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Control Method ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Shading Devices ◽  
Shading Device

This study aimed to develop a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) device and optimal control methods that increase the photovoltaic (PV) efficiency and visual comfort of the indoor space. A louver-type PV-integrated shading device was suggested and an artificial neural networks (ANN) model was developed to predict PV electricity output, work plane illuminance, and daylight glare index (DGI). The slat tilt angle of the shading device was controlled to maximize PV electricity output based on three different strategies: one without visual comfort constraints, and the other two with visual comfort constraints: work plane illuminance and DGI. Optimal tilt angle was calculated using predictions of the ANN. Experiments were conducted to verify the system modeling and to evaluate the performance of the shading device. Experiment results revealed that the ANN model successfully predicted the PV output, work plane illuminance, and DGI. The PV-integrated shading device was more efficient in producing electricity than the conventional wall-mount PV systems, the control method without visual comfort constraints was most efficient in generating electricity than the other two with such constraints, and excluding the constraints resulted in less comfortable visual environment and reduced energy benefit. From the results analysis, it can be concluded that based on the accurate predictions, the PV-integrated shading device controlled using the proposed methods produced more electricity compared to the wall-mount counterpart.

scholarly journals Optimal Control Strategies for Switchable Transparent Insulation Systems Applied to Smart Windows for US Residential Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2917
Author(s):  
Mohammad Dabbagh ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Optimal Controls ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Insulation Systems ◽  
Rule Set

This paper evaluates the potential energy use and peak demand savings associated with optimal controls of switchable transparent insulation systems (STIS) applied to smart windows for US residential buildings. The optimal controls are developed based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) to identify the automatic settings of the dynamic shades. First, switchable insulation systems and their operation mechanisms are briefly described when combined with smart windows. Then, the GA-based optimization approach is outlined to operate switchable insulation systems applied to windows for a prototypical US residential building. The optimized controls are implemented to reduce heating and cooling energy end-uses for a house located four US locations, during three representative days of swing, summer, and winter seasons. The performance of optimal controller is compared to that obtained using simplified rule-based control sets to operate the dynamic insulation systems. The analysis results indicate that optimized controls of STISs can save up to 81.8% in daily thermal loads compared to the simplified rule-set especially when dwellings are located in hot climates such as that of Phoenix, AZ. Moreover, optimally controlled STISs can reduce electrical peak demand by up to 49.8% compared to the simplified rule-set, indicating significant energy efficiency and demand response potentials of the SIS technology when applied to US residential buildings.

Effects of Indoor Lighting on Occupants’ Visual Comfort and Eye Health in a Green Building

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taeyon Hwang ◽  
Jeong Tai Kim
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Visual Display Terminal ◽  
Eye Health ◽  
Shading Devices ◽  
Shading Device ◽  
Indoor Lighting

This study investigated the effects of indoor lighting on occupants’ visual comfort and eye health and to contribute to the management and maintenance of buildings. The illuminance of the working plane and windows at Samsung Corporation Headquarters were measured, and 2744 healthy occupants of Samsung Corporation were surveyed regarding the indoor lighting environment via the company’s intranet for 1½ years. This building was certified with the highest ranking by Korea’s Green Building Council. The cumulative data reflected the management and maintenance of the building, such as screen-type shading devices automatically controlled by seasons and time, improvement of visual display terminal glare by the veiling reflection on monitors, efficiency of artificial lighting arrays, and so on. The data were analysed for occupants’ visual comfort and eye health. The result showed that daylighting could improve the occupants’ psychological health and productivity. The screen-type shading device could intercept direct sunlight and reduce annoyance glare. However, the indoor lighting and visual environment of the building were poor. After examining the questionnaire feedback concerning improvements, the occupants’ annoyance ratio was significantly reduced, and approximately 5% of the occupants’ annoyance ratio was deemed to be caused by personal characteristics related to the lighting of the environment.

Moving past sporadic eruptions, discursive killing, and running amok: recognizing the convergence of the serial and spree killer

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzo Yaksic
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Rapid Sequence ◽  
Clear Delineation ◽  
Serial Murderers ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Rapid sequence homicide offenders (RSHOs), formerly spree killers, are an understudied population due to the confusion surrounding their classification in relation to serial murderers. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory, comparative analysis of 56 RSHOs and 60 serial murderers was conducted on US-based data from 2014 to 2018 derived from the Consolidated Serial Homicide Offender Database to determine similarities and differences between the cohorts. Findings RSHOs and serial murderers are similar in that they often kill their victims using a singular method, have limited mobility, kill a similar number of victims both known and unknown to them and are both supremely motivated by domestic anger. There is an inverse relationship between serial murderers and RSHOs: as one group increases in prevalence the other decreases. Practical implications In order to divert men into more pro-social activities, attention must be dedicated to increasing mental health services that provide them with the tools to diffuse their hatred and couple that with effective gun control strategies and ways to enhance the compromised anger management skills of a generation of volatile men. Originality/value Academicians have been hesitant to juxtapose these offenders but based this conclusion on surface-level differences. A reimagining of these categorical structures is needed. The once clear delineation between these cohorts may continue to shrink and synchronize until one subsumes the other.

scholarly journals Smart Electrochromic Windows to Enhance Building Energy Efficiency and Visual Comfort

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Cannavale ◽  
Ubaldo Ayr ◽  
Francesco Fiorito ◽  
Francesco Martellotta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Smart Window ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
The One

Electrochromic systems for smart windows make it possible to enhance energy efficiency in the construction sector, in both residential and tertiary buildings. The dynamic modulation of the spectral properties of a glazing, within the visible and infrared ranges of wavelengths, allows one to adapt the thermal and optical behavior of a glazing to the everchanging conditions of the environment in which the building is located. This allows appropriate control of the penetration of solar radiation within the building. The consequent advantages are manifold and are still being explored in the scientific literature. On the one hand, the reduction in energy consumption for summer air conditioning (and artificial lighting, too) becomes significant, especially in "cooling dominated" climates, reaching high percentages of saving, compared to common transparent windows; on the other hand, the continuous adaptation of the optical properties of the glass to the changing external conditions makes it possible to set suitable management strategies for the smart window, in order to offer optimal conditions to take advantage of daylight within the confined space. This review aims at a critical review of the relevant literature concerning the benefits obtainable in terms of energy consumption and visual comfort, starting from a survey of the main architectures of the devices available today.

A review on hexacyanoferrate-based materials for energy storage and smart windows: challenges and perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (36) ◽  
pp. 18919-18932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Paolella ◽  
Cyril Faure ◽  
Vladimir Timoshevskii ◽  
Sergio Marras ◽  
Giovanni Bertoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Prussian Blue ◽  
Second Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Promising Material ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Electrochromic Devices ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Li Ion

Well-known since the 18th century,hexacyanoferrate, or “Prussian blue”, is currently getting its “second life” as a promising material for Li-ion batteries and electrochromic devices.

scholarly journals Cover Feature: Transparent Wood Smart Windows: Polymer Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Electrodes (ChemSusChem 5/2018)

ChemSusChem ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustus W. Lang ◽  
Yuanyuan Li ◽  
Michel De Keersmaecker ◽  
D. Eric Shen ◽  
Anna M. Österholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochromic Devices ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Styrene Sulfonate ◽  
Poly Styrene Sulfonate

scholarly journals The Control of Venetian Blinds: A Solution for Reduction of Energy Consumption Preserving Visual Comfort

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Nicoletti ◽  
Cristina Carpino ◽  
Mario A. Cucumo ◽  
Natale Arcuri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Building Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
Solar Control ◽  
Reduction Of Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Simulations

Glazing surfaces strongly affect the building energy balance considering heat losses, solar gains and daylighting. Appropriate operation of the screens is required to control the transmitted solar radiation, preventing internal overheating while assuring visual comfort. Consequently, in the building design phase, solar control systems have become crucial devices to achieve high energy standards. An operation based on well-defined control strategies can help to reduce cooling energy consumption and ensure appropriate levels of natural lighting. The present study aims at investigating the effect of smart screening strategies on the energy consumption of a test building designed in the Mediterranean climate. With the aim of automatically setting the inclination of venetian blind slats, the necessary equations are analytically found out and applied. Equations obtained are based on the position of the sun with respect to the wall orientation. In the case of a cloudy day or an unlit surface, empirical laws are determined to optimize the shielding. These are extrapolated through energy simulations conducted with the EnergyPlus software. Finally, using the same software, the actual benefits obtained by the method used are assessed, in terms of energy and CO2 emissions saved in a test environment.

scholarly journals Luminescent Electrochromic Devices for Smart Windows of Energy-Efficient Buildings

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Fernandes ◽  
Vânia Freitas ◽  
Sónia Pereira ◽  
Rita Leones ◽  
Maria Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Electrochromic Devices ◽  
Lithium Triflate ◽  
Smart Windows ◽  
Energy Efficient Buildings ◽  
Nir Emission

To address the challenges of the next generation of smart windows for energy-efficient buildings, new electrochromic devices (ECDs) are introduced. These include indium molybdenum oxide (IMO), a conducting oxide transparent in the near-infrared (NIR) region, and a NIR-emitting electrolyte. The novel electrolytes are based on a sol-gel-derived di-urethane cross-linked siloxane-based host structure, including short chains of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL(530) (where 530 represents the average molecular weight in g mol−1). This hybrid framework was doped with a combination of either, lithium triflate (LiTrif) and erbium triflate (ErTrif3), or LiTrif and bisaquatris (thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) erbium (III) ([Er(tta)3(H2O)2]). The ECD@LiTrif-[Er(tta)3(H2O)2] device presents a typical Er3+ NIR emission around 1550 nm. The figures of merit of these devices are high cycling stability, good reversibility, and unusually high coloration efficiency (CE = ΔOD/ΔQ, where Q is the inserted/de-inserted charge density). CE values of −8824/+6569 cm2 C−1 and −8243/+5200 cm2 C−1 were achieved at 555 nm on the 400th cycle, for ECD@LiTrif-ErTrif3 and ECD@LiTrif-[Er(tta)3(H2O)2], respectively.

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