scholarly journals Research Progress on Calculation and Control of Unaccounted for Gas of Natural Gas Pipeline Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2076 (1) ◽  
pp. 012020
Author(s):  
Huiyu Chen ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Lili Zuo ◽  
Wanjun Li
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Energy Measurement ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Operation Pressure ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

Abstract At present, volume measurement is still used in transfer measurement of natural gas in China, so the calculation and management of Unaccounted for Gas are based on volume measurement. With the change of natural gas measurement method from volume measurement to energy measurement, the calculation and management of Unaccounted for Gas based on energy measurement will be paid more and more attention. This paper investigates the calculation methods and management measures of Unaccounted for Gas based on volume measurement in China and Unaccounted for Gas based on energy measurement in other countries, and compares the research progress. The results show that: the general principles of Unaccounted for Gas calculation in China and other countries are basically the same, but the calculation formulas are not completely the same. All countries consider the input gas, output gas, line pack variation and self-consumption gas. On this basis, Italy considers the known leakage, and Britain considers the known leakage and the daily calorific value shrinkage caused by its settlement rules. In order to reduce Unaccounted for Gas, the UK regularly verifies meter, carries out the research on Unaccounted for Gas baseline, and actively participates in the global Unaccounted for Gas benchmarking. Australia replaces the old main line and reduces the operation pressure of pipeline, which significantly reduces Unaccounted for Gas. The calculation methods and control measures of Unaccounted for Gas based on energy measurement in Italy, Britain and Australia can be used for reference in China.

Regulatory Failure via Market Evolution: The Case of UK Packaging Recycling

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard O'Doherty ◽  
Ian Bailey ◽  
Alan Collins
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Tradable Permit ◽  
Regulatory Failure ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The introduction of new market-based instruments (MBIs), such as eco-taxes and tradable permits, has prompted major changes in the implementation of environmental policy in the European Union. However, rather than wholeheartedly embracing the logic of environmental economics, governments have preferred to introduce MBIs alongside more traditional command-and-control measures, ostensibly to guarantee that policy objectives are met. Where such regimes of governance have underperformed, this raises the question as to whether difficulties are caused principally by flawed theory or regulatory failure, namely errors in policy design that distort MBIs from intended changes in market behaviour. Analysis of a tradable-permit scheme in Packaging Recovery Notes introduced to implement the UK Packaging Regulations reveals that, in this case, the difficulties experienced with an MBI were, in fact, traceable to regulatory failure. Different types of regulatory failure are identified and discussed.

scholarly journals The prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C infection in antenatal clinic attenders in two regions of England

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. BALOGUN ◽  
M. E. RAMSAY ◽  
J. V. PARRY ◽  
L. DONOVAN ◽  
N. J. ANDREWS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Serum Residues ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C infection in women attending antenatal clinics in two regions of England was investigated to inform future surveillance and control measures. Women booking into antenatal care are routinely offered a test for immunity to rubella. Serum residues from these tests were unlinked, anonymized and archived as part of the Unlinked Anonymous Prevalence Monitoring Programme (UAPMP). The serum specimens were tested for anti-HCV using a cost-effective pooling strategy. After taking into account differential sampling from the UAPMP serum archive, the adjusted overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 0·43% (95% CI: 0·32–0·53) in London and 0·21% (95% CI: 0·14–0·28) in the Northern and Yorkshire region. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplified HCV RNA identified type 3a as the most common HCV genotype in these antenatal women. The prevalence of anti-HCV in antenatal women in the UK is low and consistent with that expected from injecting drug use.

scholarly journals Research progress on influencing factors of hospital infection and prevention and control measures

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Wenlong He ◽  
Lingbo Meng ◽  
Yaogang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hospital Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Hospital infections are associated with the emergence of hospitals. As the understanding of hospital infections deepen and prevention and control measures improve, hospital infections have become manageable. In recent years, affected by the increase in invasive treatment technology, antimicrobial abuse, and other factors, the control of hospital infection has encountered new problems. This paper reviews the influencing factors of hospital infections and their prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Research progress on the contamination status and control policy of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuimin Feng ◽  
Zhen Xu ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Na Zhu ◽  
Zile Wang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
And Control

Abstract Cryptosporidium and Giardia are globally recognized protozoa that directly cause human diarrhea. Their transmission route mainly involves drinking contaminated water, thus needing proper water treatment to avoid human infection. At present, there is a lack of review on the infection status and control measures of the two protozoa. Hence, this article summarizes and compares the infection status and the role of drinking water in transmitting the Cryptosporidium and Giardia in some key countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. With collected data, this review offers recommendations for sanitary control and provides theoretical support for the application of drinking water treatment projects.

Method of Measurement and Computing for Natural Gas Energy

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 1527-1530
Author(s):  
Bing Xiang Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Energy Measurement ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Energy Metering ◽  
Flow Pressure ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Value Measurement ◽  
Computing Method

Energy measurement and computing can directly reflect the value of natural gas. In our country the volume flow measurement and computing will be gradually replaced by energy measurement. In this paper the principle of energy metering of natural gas is introduced and the system of energy metering of natural gas is constructed. Based on GB/T 11062, computing method of gas energy is discussed, in which quality data of natural gas, temperature, flow, pressure parameters are measured by energy metering system and the calorific value of natural gas, relative density and Wobbe index are and computed. Also the uncertainty of and computing method for natural gas energy is analyzed in which uncertainty is within 0.1%. The results show that the uncertainty of the calorific value measurement system attained accuracy requirements of GB/T 18603-2001.

THE ECONOMICS AND STRATEGY OF LNG

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
D. T. Linnett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Liquid Natural Gas

The natural gas industry in Australia is growing rapidly and this is an opportune time to look at the possible place for Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) in this expanding field.In general, as the demand for natural gas increases, and its distribution becomes more widespread, so the economics become more favourable for using LNG for peak shaving, standby purposes, or trucking to satellite vaporising stations. Apart from demand, however, a large number of other factors affect both the decision as to what type, if any, of LNG facility is warranted, and the selection of types and sizes of equipment for that facility. These factors include environmental considerations, calorific value (CV) and Wobbe Index limitations, purification problems, transport facilities, pipeline capacity limitations, climate, etc.In the United Kingdom, the use of LNG is now well established in a number of different roles, and much experience has been obtained in the planning, design, construction and operation of LNG installations. Whilst the growth patterns in Australia and the UK are similar, however, the requirements for storage are substantially different.It is concluded that, as the gas demand in Australia increases, and the distribution network becomes more widespread, LNG facilities may well become economic propositions to fulfil a number of combined roles.

scholarly journals The small hive beetle Aethina tumida: A review of its biology and control measures

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson ◽  
Maureen E. Wakefield ◽  
Michelle E. Powell ◽  
Gay Marris ◽  
Helen Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Aethina Tumida ◽  
Small Hive Beetle ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

Abstract The small hive beetle Aethina tumida is an endemic parasitic pest and scavenger of colonies of social bees indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. In this region this species rarely inflicts severe damage on strong colonies since the bees have developed strategies to combat them. However, A. tumida has since ‘escaped’ from its native home and has recently invaded areas such as North America and Australia where its economic impact on the apiculture industry has been significant. Small hive beetle, should it become established within Europe, represents a real and live threat to the UK bee keeping industry. Here we review the biology and current pest status of A. tumida and up to-date research in terms of both chemical and biological control used against this honey bee pest.

scholarly journals A portable calorimeter for measuring the calorific value of natural gas

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Prysyazhnyuk ◽  
Ihor Petryshyn ◽  
Bohdan Dolishnii ◽  
Liubomyr Ropyak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Metrological Analysis ◽  
Relevant Issue ◽  
Peltier Element ◽  
Gas Burner ◽  
And Control

Abstract Natural gas quality assessment is a relevant issue. A critical analysis of calorimeter designs for measuring the calorific value of natural gas was carried out. The most common methods for determining the calorific value of natural gas are as follows: direct by gas calorimeters; indirect by gas chromatographs; indirect, based on correlations. The advantages of isoperibolic calorimeters of measuring calorific value of natural gas directly in the consumer’s conditions are substantiated. The design of a portable calorimeter containing a thermostated shell, calorimetric tank, Peltier element with tank, circulating pump, gas burner, thermostat systems, metered supply of natural gas and air, fuel ignition, sensors, combustion analyzer and control and measurement unit, was developed. The geometric dimensions of the calorimetric tank are optimized, materials and technologies of manufacturing parts are specified. The metrological analysis of the developed portable calorimeter was carried out. A method for measuring the calorific value of natural gas directly in the conditions of household consumers and transport enterprises was developed. The results of testing the prototype calorimeter in the laboratory confirmed its high performance and metrological characteristics, and the deviation of the measurement of the calorific value of natural gas from that determined using a gas chromatograph was 0.6%.

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