The Effects of Pyrolysis Temperature on Chemical Properties of Empty Fruit Bunch and Palm Kernel Shell Biochars

In this present work, a novel method for synthesis of palm kernel shell activated carbon was established using DES (choline chloride/urea)/H3PO4 as the activating agent. The pore characterization, morphology, and adsorption properties of the activated carbons were investigated. The activated carbon samples made from the same feedstock at two pyrolysis temperatures (500 and 600 °C) were compared for their ability to adsorb Pb(II) in aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the production of the activated carbon and adsorptive properties were significantly influenced by the pyrolysis temperature and the ratio of precursor to activating agent. DES/H3PO4 activated carbon (having surface area 1413 m2/g and total pore volume 0.6181 cm3/g) demonstrated good Pb(II) removal. Although all the tested activated carbon samples adsorbed Pb(II) from aqueous solution, they demonstrated different adsorption capabilities according to their various properties. The pyrolysis temperature, however, showed little influence on the activated carbon adsorption of Pb(II) when compared to the impregnation ratio. Their good desorption performance perhaps resulted from the porous structure.

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Development of a Composite Material from Agro Waste for Wear Resistance Application

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.319 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 773-774 ◽

pp. 319-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dareddy Ramana Reddy ◽

Banoth Balunaik

Keyword(s):

Functional Performance ◽

Technological Development ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Stopping Time ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Friction Material ◽

Wear Properties ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Brake Pads ◽

Physical And Chemical

The Friction lining is an essential part of braking system. Friction materials have their significant role for transmission in various machines. Their composition keeps on changing to keep pace with technological development and environmental requirements. Earlier asbestos has been used as a friction material because of its good physical and chemical properties. But later researchers eyed that there are many health hazards associated with asbestos handling. The average disk temperature and average stopping time for pass is increased and it has poor dimensional stability. Hence it has lost favor and several alternative materials are being replaced these days. In this work a non-asbestos bio-friction material is enlighten which is developed using an Agro-waste material palm kernel shell (PKS) along with other Ingredients. Among the agro-waste shells investigated the PKS exhibited more favorable properties. The developed friction material is used to produce automobile disk brake pads. The developed brake pads were tested for functional performance on a specially designed experimental test rig. Physical properties of this new material along with wear properties have been determined and reported in this paper. When compared with premium asbestos based commercial brake pad PKS pads were found to have performed satisfactorily in terms of amount of wear and stopping time.

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Empty fruit bunch (EFB) gasification in an entrained flow gasification system

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin ◽

10.3329/cerb.v19i0.33775 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Wan Muhamad Syafiq Wan Ismail ◽

Ruwaida Abdul Rasid

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Chemical Engineering ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Entrained Flow ◽

Syngas Production ◽

Entrained Flow Gasification

Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the examples for the biomass that is used as a renewable energy source. From the palm oil processing industry, only 10% are the final products such as palm oil and palm kernel oil, while the remaining 90% are harvestable biomass waste in the form of EFB, palm kernel shell (PKS) and oil palm frond (OPF). This overload amount of biomass waste will cause an abundance of waste which will also affect the environment. To convert EFB into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and economical, gasification has merge as one of the most favorable technological innovations in synthesis gas (syngas) production. The main aim of this work is to study the EFB gasification in an entrained flow gasification process based on the different operating temperature (700°C to 900°C) and equivalence ratio, ER (0.2 – 0.4), evaluated based on the production of gases such as hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). It was found that as the temperature was increased from 700°C to 900°C, the production of H2 and CO2 increased while CO was decreased. The optimum ER value of 0.30 was found to attain the highest Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) value of 74.03% at 900°C.Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 43-49

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Fast Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Kernel Shell in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: The Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Yields of Pyrolysis Products

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.616 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 625 ◽

pp. 616-619

Author(s):

Ali Norizan ◽

Yoshimitsu Uemura ◽

Hafizah Ahmad Afif ◽

Noridah Osman ◽

Wissam N. Omar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Fluidized Bed ◽

Pyrolysis Temperature ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Fluidized Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Internal Diameter ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Benzene Toluene

This study investigates the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the yields of char, organic compounds, water and gas. Fast pyrolysis was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor of 108 mm in internal diameter operated at 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C with nitrogen gas with flow rate of 25 L(NTP)/min. In specific the effect of temperature on the yields of known and unknown organics in bio-oil is discussed. For higher total organics, 500 oC was favorable. But higher phenol and acetic acid yields, 450 oC was preferable. The major organics include acetic acid, phenol and furfural. The minor ones include 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-methylnaphthalene, benzene, toluene and THF.

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Effect of Elaeis Guineensis Biomass Residues in the Production of Coal Pellets

10.21203/rs.3.rs-40358/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

UCHE ONOCHIE ◽

HENRY EGWARE ◽

FRANCIS ONOROH

Keyword(s):

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Screw Press ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Good Energy ◽

Proximate And Ultimate Analysis ◽

Palm Fibre

Abstract In this study, the effect of elaeis guineensis in the production of pellets from coal was investigated. Coal and elaeis guineensis were collected and pulverised. A locally fabricated screw press machine was used to produce three types of pellets in the same ratio (i.e. 80C:20R) while the fourth pellet is100% coal. These pellets are: coal palm kernel shell (CPKS), coal palm fibre (CPF), coal empty fruit bunch (CEFB) as well as raw coal (C). Thereafter, the pellets were sundried and characterised base on ASTM Standards. These include the calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis. From the results, it was observed that the calorific value of CPKS, CPF, CEFB and C were 28033.38 kJ/kg, 27695.4 kJ/kg, 27687.5 kJ/kg and 22021.99 kJ/kg respectively. The sulphur content of the pellets is 0.7%, 0.71%, 0.73% and 0.76% respectively. The results revealed that the 100% coal pellet has the lowest percentage CV and the highest percentage sulphur and ash content. Essentially, this study has been able to established that elaeis guineensis residues is a good energy source for enhancing the calorific value of coal and also has the tendency of reducing the sulphur and ash contents of coal especially the PKS.

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Thermogravimetric Studies of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Palm Kernel Shell: TG/DTG Analysis and Modeling

Energy Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.518 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 453-458 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Pichet Ninduangdee ◽

Vladimir I. Kuprianov ◽

Eui Young Cha ◽

Rujira Kaewrath ◽

Pattrapon Youngyuen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Thermogravimetric Studies

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Thermochemical Conversion of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) to Bio-Energy

ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/es2011-54690 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edmund C. Okoroigwe ◽

Zhenglong Li ◽

Godwin Unachukwu ◽

Thomas Stuecken ◽

Christopher Saffron

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Major Product ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Process Technology ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Physical And Chemical

Palm kernel shell is an important by-product of oil palm production. It is often neglected and handled as waste in the product mix of palm oil production. One kilogram of PKS was pyrolized in a bench scale pyrolysis screw reactor at temperature range of 450°C to 500°C in 10mins. The process yielded 61 wt%, 24.5 wt% and 14 wt% bio-oil, bio-char and non condensable flammable gas respectively. Palm Kernel shell is relatively abundant in the tropical West Africa and Asia. Until recently PKS is commonly combusted for cooking purposes which contributes to total GHG emission. The products were characterized by determining their physical and chemical properties using standard methods. The thermochemical conversion shows that there is 29% and 26% increase in the higher heating values and lower heating values (on dry basis) respectively, of the bio-oil obtained when compared with the energy values of the original PKS. Similarly, the HHV of the bio-char is 62% higher than that of the original PKS. In addition the results of the GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil show that it contains useful chemicals that can be harnessed for industrial applications. The ash content of the bio-oil and the original PKS sample are 0.37% and 8.68% respectively, on as received, while the results of the elemental analyses show that there is < 0.08% and < 0.05% sulphur content of the PKS and its bio-oil respectively. This makes the products an environmentally suitable fuels for transportation and power generation. The results of this work show that the products compare well with those of other woody samples used for commercial pyrolysis process. PKS bio-char possesses the potential to be used as industrial absorbent in water treatment and process technology. Hence, PKS can be harnessed as potential future source of bio-energy and Activated carbon, and as such should be given adequate attention as a major product of oil palm processing for sustainable economic development of emerging economies.

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Bio-Oil Production under Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Shell

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.881 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 625 ◽

pp. 881-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yi Herng Chan ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Armando T. Quitain ◽

Yoshimitsu Uemura

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Water ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Supercritical Conditions ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Palm Biomass

Two types of Malaysian oil palm biomass; namely Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) are liquefied using sub-and supercritical water to produce bio-oil. Effects of temperatures (360, 390 and 450 °C) and pressures (25, 30 and 35 MPa) of the liquefaction of biomass on the bio-oil yields are investigated. The optimum liquefaction conditions for EFB and PKS using water are at supercritical conditions. PKS which consists of higher lignin content yields maximum bio-oil of about 41.3 wt % at temperature of 450 °C and the bio-oil yield from EFB is about 37.4 wt % at temperature of 390 °C.

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Investigation of the Strength Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Concrete

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research ◽

10.48084/etasr.238 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 315-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

F. A. Olutoge ◽

H. A. Quadri ◽

O. S. Olafusi

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Cement Concrete ◽

Palm Kernel Shell

Many researchers have studied the use of agro-waste ashes as constituents in concrete. These agro-waste ashes are siliceous or aluminosiliceous materials that, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with the calcium hydroxide released by the hydration of Portland cement to form calcium silicate hydrate and other cementitious compounds. Palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) is a by-product in palm oil mills. This ash has pozzolanic properties that enables it as a partial replacement for cement but also plays an important role in the strength and durability of concrete. The use of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete is investigated. The objective of this paper is to alleviate the increasing challenges of scarcity and high cost of construction materials used by the construction industry in Nigeria and Africa in general, by reducing the volume of cement usage in concrete works. Collected PKSA was dried and sieved through a 45um sieve. The fineness of the PKSA was checked by sieving through 45um sieve. The chemical properties of the ash are examined whereas physical and mechanical properties of varying percentage of PKSA cement concrete and 100% cement concrete of mix 1:2:4 and 0.5 water-cement ratios are examined and compared. A total of 72 concrete cubes of size 150 × 150 × 150 mm³ with different volume percentages of PKSA to Portland cement in the order 0:100, 10:90 and 30:70 and mix ratio of 1:2:4 were cast and their physical and mechanical properties were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days time. Although the compressive strength of PKSA concrete did not exceed that of OPC, compressive strength tests showed that 10% of the PKSA in replacement for cement was 22.8 N/mm2 at 28 days; which was quite satisfactory with no compromise in compressive strength requirements for concrete mix ratios 1:2:4. This research showed that the use of PKSA as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, at lower volume of replacement, will enhance the reduction of cement usage in concretes, thereby reducing the production cost. This research was carried out at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

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