scholarly journals Effect of Elaeis Guineensis Biomass Residues in the Production of Coal Pellets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
UCHE ONOCHIE ◽  
HENRY EGWARE ◽  
FRANCIS ONOROH
Keyword(s):  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Screw Press ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Proximate And Ultimate Analysis ◽  
Palm Fibre

Abstract In this study, the effect of elaeis guineensis in the production of pellets from coal was investigated. Coal and elaeis guineensis were collected and pulverised. A locally fabricated screw press machine was used to produce three types of pellets in the same ratio (i.e. 80C:20R) while the fourth pellet is100% coal. These pellets are: coal palm kernel shell (CPKS), coal palm fibre (CPF), coal empty fruit bunch (CEFB) as well as raw coal (C). Thereafter, the pellets were sundried and characterised base on ASTM Standards. These include the calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis. From the results, it was observed that the calorific value of CPKS, CPF, CEFB and C were 28033.38 kJ/kg, 27695.4 kJ/kg, 27687.5 kJ/kg and 22021.99 kJ/kg respectively. The sulphur content of the pellets is 0.7%, 0.71%, 0.73% and 0.76% respectively. The results revealed that the 100% coal pellet has the lowest percentage CV and the highest percentage sulphur and ash content. Essentially, this study has been able to established that elaeis guineensis residues is a good energy source for enhancing the calorific value of coal and also has the tendency of reducing the sulphur and ash contents of coal especially the PKS.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Temperatur, Komposisi Bahan Cangkang Inti Kelapa Sawit dan Konsentrasi Perekat pada Karakteristik Briket Komersial dari Tempurung Kelapa Sawit

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Guna Bangun Persada ◽  
Putty Yunesti
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Cylindrical Mold

Briquettes are an essential product for metal mineral processing plants in Indonesia. One good alternative raw materials for briquettes that do not pollute the environment is the palm kernel shell. This research was conducted by making briquettes from palm kernel shells to find optimal variations in carbonization temperature, material mixture, and adhesive mixture. The research was conducted on a laboratory scale. The palm kernel shell and coal kernel were carbonized at various temperatures, namely 450°C, 550°C, and 650°C, then crushed and sieved to 35 mesh. The powdered palm kernel shell and coal that have become powdered charcoal are weighted based on a mixture of powder and the adhesive composition ratio of 40 g. After that, the briquettes were formed under a pressure of 100 kg/cm² on a cylindrical mold with 40 mm. The analyzes carried out were moisture content, ash content, volatile substances content, fixed carbon content, calorific value, compressive strength, density, porosity, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The results showed that the briquette from the kernel of the palm kernel shell was optimal at a temperature of 550 ° C with a starch adhesive mixture of 7.5%, a pressure of 100 kg/cm², moisture content of 5.34%, an ash content of 5.81%, a substance content. Volatile amounted to 18.77%, 71.08% for fixed carbon, heating value 7125.86 cal/g. Density of 0.78, porosity of 0.04 and strength of 72.56 kg / cm².

scholarly journals PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF FUEL PELLETS FROM OIL PALM RESIDUES

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-990
Author(s):  
UP Onochie ◽  
AI Obanor ◽  
SA Aliu ◽  
OO Igbodaro
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Ultimate Analysis ◽  
Fuel Pellets ◽  
Proximate And Ultimate Analysis ◽  
Palm Fibre

This study carried out an investigation on the proximate and ultimate analysis of fuel pellets from oil palm residues such as palm kernel shell, PKS, palm fibre, PF and empty fruit bunch, EFB using the ASTM standards. The results obtained were compared. The percentage moisture content of the pellets, PKS, PF and EFB were 9.68%, 10.77%, 12.07% respectively. This is significantly lower than the percentage moisture content of the raw residues given as 10.23%, 11.10% and 15.01% respectively. High volatile matter content in the fuel pellets indicates that there would be ease of ignition during combustion. The results also show that the pellets have a lower ash content of 0.69%, 3.69% and 3.72% as against that of the raw residues, which is 3.24%, 7.90% and 4.48% respectively. There was really no significant reduction in emission of sulphur gases between the fuel pellets and the raw residues except for the Palm Fibre, PF, pellets and raw residues that varies. Essentially, from the general results obtained from the analysis, it can be deduced that pellets are more suitable for boilers in steam power plants.  http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.44

The Effect of Mixing Coal with Biomass in Solid Fuel Briquettes

2013 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Yee Sing ◽  
Mohd Shiraz Aris
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Burning fossil fuel like coal in power plants released carbon dioxide that had been absorbed millions of years ago. Unfortunately, excessive carbon dioxide emission had led to global warming. Malaysia, as one of the major exporters of palm oil, has abundant oil palm mill residues that could be converted into value-added product like biomass fuel briquettes. Fuel briquette with palm kernel shell and palm mesocarp fibre as its main ingredients showed satisfactory fuel characteristics and mechanical properties as a pure biomass fuel briquette. The effects of adding some coal of higher calorific value to the satisfactory biomass fuel briquette were focused in this study. Various coal-biomass fuel blends were used, ranging from 0wt% coal to 50wt% coal. The fuel properties and mechanical properties of pure biomass briquette and briquettes with different amount of coal added were compared experimentally. From the fuel properties tests, it was found that as the coal content in the briquette was increased, the carbon content and calorific value increased. Mechanical property tests on the fuel briquettes showed a mixture of results, with some favored higher portion of coal in the briquette for better handling, transport and storage properties while some favored greater amount of biomass.

High Quality Solid Biofuel Briquette Production From Palm Oil Milling Solid Wastes

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Halim Shamsuddin ◽  
Mohd Shahir Liew
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Malaysia has about 4.2 million hectares of oil palm plantation. The palm oil milling industry has over 400 mills throughout the country with total milling capacity of 82 million tonnes fresh fruit bunches, FFB, per year. In 2003, the amount of FFB processed was 67 million tonnes, which generated solid wastes in the forms of empty fruit bunches, EFB (19.43 million tonnes), mesocarp fibres (12.07 million tonnes) and palm kernel shell (4.89 million tonnes). These wastes has moisture content of 60–70% for EFB and mesocarp fibre, and 34–40% for palm kernel shell, and calorific value of 5.0 – 18.0 Mj/kg. A processing technology was developed to process these low quality biomass fuels into high quality solid biofuel briquettes with moisture content in the range 8–12%. Depending on the formulations and the sources of the raw biomass, the final solid biofuel briquettes can have calorific values in the range of 18–25 Mj/kg. The production of the solid biofuel briquettes would be an attractive financial advantage for full exploitation of biomass fuels. Logistic problems due to the disperse nature of the biomass resources would significantly be addressed.

scholarly journals Empty fruit bunch (EFB) gasification in an entrained flow gasification system

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Wan Muhamad Syafiq Wan Ismail ◽  
Ruwaida Abdul Rasid
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Entrained Flow ◽  
Syngas Production ◽  
Entrained Flow Gasification

<p>Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the examples for the biomass that is used as a renewable energy source. From the palm oil processing industry, only 10% are the final products such as palm oil and palm kernel oil, while the remaining 90% are harvestable biomass waste in the form of EFB, palm kernel shell (PKS) and oil palm frond (OPF). This overload amount of biomass waste will cause an abundance of waste which will also affect the environment. To convert EFB into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and economical, gasification has merge as one of the most favorable technological innovations in synthesis gas (syngas) production. The main aim of this work is to study the EFB gasification in an entrained flow gasification process based on the different operating temperature (700<sup>°</sup>C to 900<sup>°</sup>C) and equivalence ratio, ER (0.2 – 0.4), evaluated based on the production of gases such as hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). It was found that as the temperature was increased from 700<sup>°</sup>C to 900<sup>°</sup>C, the production of H<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> increased while CO was decreased. The optimum ER value of 0.30 was found to attain the highest Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) value of 74.03% at 900°C.</p><p>Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 43-49</p>

scholarly journals Influence of microwave pre-treated Palm Kernel Shell and Mukah Balingian coal on co-gasification

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 5791-5803 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ahmad ◽  
M. A. M. Ishak ◽  
K. Ismail ◽  
N. N. Kassim
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Untreated Sample ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

In this study, microwave irradiation pretreatment of palm kernel shell (PKS) and Mukah Balingian (MB) coal was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The effect of microwave power and processing time was investigated on pretreated PKS and MB coal characteristic. Then, the co-gasification of microwave pretreated PKS and MB coal was conducted to examine the effect of product yield and gases composition. The results showed that, the characteristics of pretreated sample was improved with increasing microwave power and processing time. The volatile matter, oxygen content and O/C ratio of pretreated sample decreased, while the calorific value, fixed carbon and carbon content of pretreated sample increased with increasing microwave power. The carbon content of pretreated PKS was closed to the untreated MB coal with comparable calorific value was obtained. The microwave power level of 450 W and processing time of 8 min were appropriate to upgrade the PKS and MB coal for co-gasification. The pretreated sample produced higher gas yield and lower tar and char yield than the untreated sample during co-gasification. This result was due to low moisture and oxygenated compound of pretreated feedstock made it appropriate to be converted in co-gasification. Moreover, co-gasification of pretreated sample produced the higher H2+CO and CH4 and lower CO2 composition than untreated sample. Thus, it can be concluded that the microwave irradiation pretreatment on PKS and MB coal performed the significant impact on the product distribution and composition during the co-gasification.

scholarly journals Studies on the Physicochemical and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Activated Palm Kernel Shell blended with Carbon Black filled NR Vulcanizates

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dosu Malomo ◽  
Abdulhakeem D Olasupo ◽  
Abayomi M Adesigbin ◽  
Owen Egharevba ◽  
Sulaiman O Adewuyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Palm kernel shell was activated using chemical activation of H3PO4 and KOH. Various amounts of activated palm kernel shell (APKS) couple with carbon black (CB) and other conventional ingredients were used to produce natural rubber vulcanizates (NR vulcanizates). The NR vulcanizates were compounded on a two-row mill and tested for its physico-mechanical properties. The results for characterization of physicochemical properties carried out on APKS  were ash content (2.06%), moisture content (8.06%), %carbon (54.41%), particle size (4.00, 3.35, 2.00, 1.18mm), bulk density (0.62g/ml) and pH (5.3).The results show significant values for all, the moisture and ash content were within the recommended standard of ASTM (3-10max) and (< or =8) respectively. The filler loading concentrations CB/APKS were labeled as mixes 1 to 7. The composition of CB/APKS filler loading ratios were 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25, and 0:30 samples 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively. Results obtained showed that CB/APKS filled vulcanizates exhibited improvement in the physico-mechanical properties investigated. The results obtained for CB/APKS across the samples filler loading shows that CB composition possess higher UTS, EB and rubber fatigue test while APKS filler loading composition exhibited higher hardness and young modulus. Abrasion resistance was excellent for both CB and APKS filler loading composition.Keywords: Activated Palm Kernel Shell, filler, carbon black, Chemical Activation, Natural Rubber.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Herlina Anggriani Marbun ◽  
Giyanto . ◽  
Hardiansyah Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunches

Fluctuations in fuel prices stimulate efforts to find alternative energy that is environmentally friendly. The processing of oil palm plantations produces waste or quite a lot of products ± 23% of the weight of fresh fruit bunches. Utilization of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) as biobriquettes was chosen in this study by mixing other ingredients, namely coconut shell. The treatment in the study was the composition of the mixture of PEFB and shell PEFB-1, PEFB-2, PEFB-3, PEFB-4 and PEFB-5 with a ratio of weight (100% -0%), (75% -25%), (50% -50%), (25% -75%) and     (0% -100%). The research was carried out in Medan STIPAP, ITM Laboratory and PTKI Alboratorium in April - September 2018. Observation parameters were heating value, water content, ash content, density, compressive strength and combustion rate. The results showed that briquettes with dominant PEFB material, PEFB-1 and PEFB-2, produced less quality biobriquettes, especially low calorific value. The best treatment is PEFB-4 (25% EFB and 75% shell) with characters that appropriate to the specifications of the quality standard of charcoal briquettes. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Physical, Chemical and Thermal Properties of Portuguese Maritime Pine Biomass

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helder Filipe dos Santos Viana ◽  
Abel Martins Rodrigues ◽  
Radu Godina ◽  
João Carlos de Oliveira Matias ◽  
Leonel Jorge Ribeiro Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Proximate And Ultimate Analysis

A characterisation of Pinus pinaster Aiton. (Maritime Pine) woody biomass and ashes is presented in this study. Physical, thermal and chemical analysis, including density, moisture content, calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis, were carried out. The fuel Energy Density (Ed) and the Fuelwood Value Index (FVI) were assessed by ranking the fuelwood quality. Furthermore, the determination of the ash metal elementals was performed. The results from this study indicated, for Pinus pinaster biomass tree components, carbon content ranging from 46.5 to 49.3%, nitrogen content from 0.13 to 1.18%, sulphur content from 0.056 to 0.148% and hydrogen content around 6–7%. The ash content in the tree components ranged from 0.22 to 1.92%. The average higher heating value (HHV) was higher for pine needles (21.61 MJ·kg−1). The Ed of 8.9 GJ·m−3 confirm the good potential of Pinus pinaster biomass tree components as fuel. The FVI ranked the wood stem (4658) and top (2861.8) as a better fuelwood and pine needles (394.2) as inferior quality. The chemical composition of the ashes revealed that the elemental contents are below the national and most European countries legislation guidelines for the employment of ash as a fertiliser.

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