Development of a Composite Material from Agro Waste for Wear Resistance Application

2013 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dareddy Ramana Reddy ◽  
Banoth Balunaik
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Stopping Time ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Friction Material ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The Friction lining is an essential part of braking system. Friction materials have their significant role for transmission in various machines. Their composition keeps on changing to keep pace with technological development and environmental requirements. Earlier asbestos has been used as a friction material because of its good physical and chemical properties. But later researchers eyed that there are many health hazards associated with asbestos handling. The average disk temperature and average stopping time for pass is increased and it has poor dimensional stability. Hence it has lost favor and several alternative materials are being replaced these days. In this work a non-asbestos bio-friction material is enlighten which is developed using an Agro-waste material palm kernel shell (PKS) along with other Ingredients. Among the agro-waste shells investigated the PKS exhibited more favorable properties. The developed friction material is used to produce automobile disk brake pads. The developed brake pads were tested for functional performance on a specially designed experimental test rig. Physical properties of this new material along with wear properties have been determined and reported in this paper. When compared with premium asbestos based commercial brake pad PKS pads were found to have performed satisfactorily in terms of amount of wear and stopping time.

Thermochemical Conversion of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) to Bio-Energy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund C. Okoroigwe ◽  
Zhenglong Li ◽  
Godwin Unachukwu ◽  
Thomas Stuecken ◽  
Christopher Saffron
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Palm kernel shell is an important by-product of oil palm production. It is often neglected and handled as waste in the product mix of palm oil production. One kilogram of PKS was pyrolized in a bench scale pyrolysis screw reactor at temperature range of 450°C to 500°C in 10mins. The process yielded 61 wt%, 24.5 wt% and 14 wt% bio-oil, bio-char and non condensable flammable gas respectively. Palm Kernel shell is relatively abundant in the tropical West Africa and Asia. Until recently PKS is commonly combusted for cooking purposes which contributes to total GHG emission. The products were characterized by determining their physical and chemical properties using standard methods. The thermochemical conversion shows that there is 29% and 26% increase in the higher heating values and lower heating values (on dry basis) respectively, of the bio-oil obtained when compared with the energy values of the original PKS. Similarly, the HHV of the bio-char is 62% higher than that of the original PKS. In addition the results of the GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil show that it contains useful chemicals that can be harnessed for industrial applications. The ash content of the bio-oil and the original PKS sample are 0.37% and 8.68% respectively, on as received, while the results of the elemental analyses show that there is < 0.08% and < 0.05% sulphur content of the PKS and its bio-oil respectively. This makes the products an environmentally suitable fuels for transportation and power generation. The results of this work show that the products compare well with those of other woody samples used for commercial pyrolysis process. PKS bio-char possesses the potential to be used as industrial absorbent in water treatment and process technology. Hence, PKS can be harnessed as potential future source of bio-energy and Activated carbon, and as such should be given adequate attention as a major product of oil palm processing for sustainable economic development of emerging economies.

A retrofit for asbestos-based brake pad employing palm kernel fiber as the base filler material

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (9) ◽  
pp. 1906-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Achebe ◽  
JL Chukwuneke ◽  
FA Anene ◽  
CM Ewulonu
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Friction Material ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Brake Pad ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Automotive Brake

The development of automobile brake pad using locally sourced palm kernel fiber was carried out. Asbestos, a carcinogenic material, has been used for decades as a friction material. This development has thus prompted a couple of research efforts geared towards its replacement for brake pad manufacture. Palm kernel fiber was used as an alternative filler material in conjunction with various quantities of epoxy resin as the matrix. Three sets of compositions were made, and the resulting specimens subjected to physical and mechanical tests using standard materials, procedures, and equipment. The essence is to determine their suitability and hence possible performance in service. The result showed that sample C with 40% palm kernel fiber content having hardness, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, specific gravity, water absorption, and oil absorption of 178 MPa, 96.2 MPa, 1.67 mg/m, 1.8 g/cm3, 1.86%, and 0.89%, respectively, had an optimum performance rating. It was equally ascertained that increase in the filler content had the effect of increase in hardness, wear resistance, and specific gravity of the composite brake pad, while water and oil absorption got decreased when compared with results obtained by other researchers using conventional brake pads made of other friction materials including asbestos. This is an indicator that palm kernel fiber is a possible and effective retrofit for asbestos as a filler material in automotive brake pad manufacture.

Fabrication of Carbon-Copper Composites Using Local Carbon Material: Microstructure, Mechanical, Electrical and Wear Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Mohd Asri Selamat ◽  
Ahmad Aswad Mahaidin ◽  
Mohd Afiq Nurul Hadi ◽  
Zaim Syazwan Sulaiman ◽  
Mohd Idham Abdul Razak
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Low Thermal Expansion ◽  
Contact Devices ◽  
Carbon Brushes

The carbon-copper (C-Cu) composites combine the positive characteristics of thermal and electrical conductivity from Cu, low thermal expansion coefficient and lubricating properties from conventional graphite. For that particular application, C-Cu composites are widely used as electrical contact devices such as carbon brushes and current-collector for railway power collection system. Due to economic and environment concern, activated-carbon produced from MPOB’s oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) is studies as replacement for conventional graphite. The OPKS is crushed and mixed with copper and resin powder before it is compacted into shape. Then the green body undergoes warm-compaction (1140MPa;100-150°C) followed by post-baking (150-250°C) process to enhance its properties. The physical and mechanical properties of the C-Cu composite were analysed. The resulting microstructures, electrical and wear properties also are presented and discussed. The prototype of current-collector for PUTRA LRT and carbon brushes for electrical applications was produced from this research work.

scholarly journals The Effect of Palm Kernel Shell Ash on the Mechanical and Wear Properties of White Cast Iron

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Kayode I. Fesomade ◽  
Damilola D. Alewi ◽  
Saliu O. Seidu ◽  
Sheriff O. Saka ◽  
Bonaventure I. Osuide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
White Cast Iron ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Rotary Furnace ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
The Matrix

This study investigates the influence of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) on mechanical and wear properties of white cast iron (WCI) particularly its influence on its microstructure, elemental composition, hardness and wear resistance. The PKSA was characterized to determine its elemental composition, and it was found to contain high amount of silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) followed by calcium (Ca) and other trace elements. The cast iron was cast into rods of specific dimension with sand casting method using rotary furnace to re-melt cast iron scrap. The WCI rods were then cut into bits for the various test. Heat treatment operation was carried out to determine its properties. Upon completion of the examinations, it was found that the PKSA increased the cementite phase within the matrix of the cast iron, and reduced the pearlitic phase and graphite formation, which gave it increased hardness, and perfect wear resistance due to the increment in carbon content and reduction in silicon content. Also, upon heat treatment, it was found that the PKSA reduced the pearlitic phase within the matrix of the cast iron, increases the formation of transformed ledeburites, austenitic dendrites and tempered graphite, which lead to increased machinability and ductility as well as to reduced hardness, and wear resistance when compared to non-heat treated samples.

Effect of drying on the physical and chemical properties of palm kernel oil

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Habibiasr ◽  
Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar ◽  
Mohd Nordin Ibrahim ◽  
Khairul Faezah Md Yunos ◽  
Nuzul Amri Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

scholarly journals Investigation of the Strength Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Concrete

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Olutoge ◽  
H. A. Quadri ◽  
O. S. Olafusi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Many researchers have studied the use of agro-waste ashes as constituents in concrete. These agro-waste ashes are siliceous or aluminosiliceous materials that, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with the calcium hydroxide released by the hydration of Portland cement to form calcium silicate hydrate and other cementitious compounds. Palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) is a by-product in palm oil mills. This ash has pozzolanic properties that enables it as a partial replacement for cement but also plays an important role in the strength and durability of concrete. The use of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete is investigated. The objective of this paper is to alleviate the increasing challenges of scarcity and high cost of construction materials used by the construction industry in Nigeria and Africa in general, by reducing the volume of cement usage in concrete works. Collected PKSA was dried and sieved through a 45um sieve. The fineness of the PKSA was checked by sieving through 45um sieve. The chemical properties of the ash are examined whereas physical and mechanical properties of varying percentage of PKSA cement concrete and 100% cement concrete of mix 1:2:4 and 0.5 water-cement ratios are examined and compared. A total of 72 concrete cubes of size 150 × 150 × 150 mm³ with different volume percentages of PKSA to Portland cement in the order 0:100, 10:90 and 30:70 and mix ratio of 1:2:4 were cast and their physical and mechanical properties were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days time. Although the compressive strength of PKSA concrete did not exceed that of OPC, compressive strength tests showed that 10% of the PKSA in replacement for cement was 22.8 N/mm2 at 28 days; which was quite satisfactory with no compromise in compressive strength requirements for concrete mix ratios 1:2:4. This research showed that the use of PKSA as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, at lower volume of replacement, will enhance the reduction of cement usage in concretes, thereby reducing the production cost. This research was carried out at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

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