Evaluation of urban water security based on DPSIR model

Abstract Assessment of urban water security is an important scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of urban water resources. This study established an evaluation model for urban water security based on DPSIR model, entropy method and comprehensive index method. The model was applied to Gong Qingcheng City (GQCC) in Jiangxi Province, China. An indicator system is developed based on four aspects including social development, water resources status, water pollution and water resources management, as well as summing up predecessors’ experience. This study analysed per capita domestic water consumption; ratio of ecological water compensation; percentage of water conservancy and public infrastructure investment; and water consumption per ten thousand yuan of industrial output value; where ratio of urban sewage treatment are the main effects on urban water security. The results of single index evaluation show that the change of stress subsystem was most dramatic from 2013 to 2017, while others were relatively stable. This indicates that positive interventions were urgently needed to relieve pressure of the stress subsystem. The results of comprehensive index evaluation show that water security at GQCC was in a critical state. In this paper, the causal relationship between social development and water security was clarified while the main factors and other factors affecting urban water security was identified. Finally, a reference for the formulation of urban development planning based on water resources demand was provided.

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Unravelling intractable water conflicts: the entanglement of science and politics in decision-making on a large hydraulic infrastructure project

10.5194/hess-2020-86 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jonatan Godinez-Madrigal ◽

Nora Van Cauwenbergh ◽

Pieter van der Zaag

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Science Policy ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Epistemic Uncertainty ◽

Political Process ◽

Solution Space ◽

Water Security ◽

Urban Water ◽

Water Conflicts ◽

Use Of Models

Abstract. Global trends suggest that cities around the world are increasingly depleting available water resources. A common strategy is to opt for supply augmentation infrastructure. However, this response can be a financial and social burden for many cities, because they entail developing expensive infrastructure and can trigger social conflicts. Science is often expected to play a key role in informing policymakers and social actors to clarify controversies surrounding policy responses to water scarcity. However, managing conflicts is a socio-political process, and the use of models may have the effect of de-politicizing such processes; conveying the idea that optimal solutions can be objectively identified despite the many perspectives and interests at play. This raises the question whether science can depoliticize water conflicts, or whether instead conflicts politicize science-policy processes? We use the Zapotillo dam and water transfer project in Mexico to analyze the roles of science-policy processes in water conflicts. The Zapotillo project aims at augmenting urban water supply to Guadalajara and León, two large cities in Western Mexico, but a social and legal conflict has stalled the project until today. To analyze the conflict and how stakeholders make sense of it, we interviewed the most relevant actors and studied negotiations between different interest groups through participant observation. To examine the role of science-policy processes in the conflict, we mobilized concepts of epistemic uncertainty and ambiguity and analyzed the design and use of water resources models produced by key actors aiming to resolve the conflict. While the use of models is a proven method to construct future scenarios and test different strategies, the parameterization of scenarios and their results depend on the knowledge and/or interests of actors who own the model. We found that in the Zapotillo case, scenarios reflected the interests and strategies of actors on one side of the conflict, resulting in increased distrust by the opposing actors. We conclude that the dilemma of achieving urban water security through investing in either large infrastructure (supply augmentation) or alternative strategies (demand-side management), cannot be resolved if some key interested parties have not been involved in the scientific processes framing the problem and solution space.

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Assessment of the Urban Water Security in a Severe Water Stress Area–Application to Palestinian Cities

Water ◽

10.3390/w12072060 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2060

Author(s):

Samah Jabari ◽

Isam Shahrour ◽

Jamal El Khattabi

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Governance ◽

Water Security ◽

Urban Water ◽

Water Services ◽

Security Assessment ◽

Water Losses ◽

Severe Water Stress

This paper presents an assessment of the urban water security in a severe water stress area using a semi-quantitative risk-based approach. Water security indicators are selected according to the recommendations of international institutions, the literature review and the opinion of a panel of water experts. Selected indicators cover three fields: water resources, water services and water governance. The field of water resources is described by indicators related to the water resources availability, annual precipitation and the ratio of treated water, while the water services field is described by indicators related to the water service coverage, water losses and the continuity of water supply. Water governance includes three indicators: role and responsibility, access to water information and stakeholder engagement. Water security assessment is conducted in three stages: (i) data collection for five Palestinian cities in the West Bank of Jordan, (ii) determination of the risk score for each indicator using collected data and an expert’s opinion, (iii) determination of the global water security score and water security index using the matrix risk assessment and the wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) methods. Results show that water risk is ranked as extreme for all cities. Risk related to water resources is a major contributor to global risk, followed by water governance.

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Dynamics of Rural Urban Water Flows and Implications on Peri-urban Water Security

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v15i1.12025 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 99-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anushiya Shrestha ◽

Rajesh Sada ◽

Ashutosh Shukla

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Urban Form ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Water Security ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Water Transfer ◽

Urban Water ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Rural Landscapes

The rapid and haphazard urbanization in Kathmandu and expansion of built-up area to the peri-pherial rural landscapes has resulted to formation of peri- urban areas which are now themselves transforming into urban form. Simultaneously, the water being diverted or transferred from these peri-urban areas is rapidly evolving. This paper describes the changing modes of urban oriented water flow from the peri-urban landscape of Kathmandu and the implications of this water transfer on water security of peri-urban areas. Through series of semi-structured interviews, formal and informal discussions with local people and key informant interviews, the study found that Matatirtha, a peri-urban village, has traditionally been a source of water for the domestic water demand in Kathmandu. However, the social and economic developments have induced a paradigm shift in urban water transfer from the area and promoted the economic benefits as a way of compensating the loss of local water resources. Moreover, the increasing opportunities of economic benefits through water in absence of regulatory mechanism have facilitated exploitation of resources. This, therefore, created need of strong mechanism, promoting insights for sustainable management of water resources and contribute to improve rural urban linkages through optimal use of water resources.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12025 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 99-106

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Conventional Water Filter (Sand and Gravel) for Ablution Water Treatment, Reuse Potential, and Its Water Savings

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v9n1p35 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed ◽

Mohamad Nazmi Adnan ◽

Mohd Arief Mohamed ◽

Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Water Security ◽

High Volume ◽

The Body ◽

Treatment System ◽

Water Savings ◽

Filtration System ◽

Sand And Gravel

Ablution process consumes a huge amount of water especially in mosques for cleaning certain part of the body before performing prayers. The high volume of ablution water produced in mosques and its low strength in quality makes it a feasible option to be reused. This paper introduced an assessment of conventional filtration (sand and gravel) in treating ablution water for reuse purposes and its water savings potential in mosques. The treatment system has assessed its capability for reuse and its water savings potential. A pilot scale of filtration system was developed and was run with the ablution water from the Parit Raja mosque and the Pintas Puding mosque. The samples were taken during Friday noon prayer between January to March 2013. The efficiency of the conventional filtration system was tested for the effluent quality of NH3, TSS, COD, and BOD. The case study of water savings estimation for the proposed system was undertaken at Pintas Puding mosque. It was determined based on the quantity of ablution water, water consumption, water demand, and water bills record. The results deduced that the conventional sand filtration can improve the water quality parameters; 0.60-0.05mg/L reduction of nitrogen ammonia (NH3), 6.0-1.53mg/L of suspended solids (TSS), 3.12-0.15mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 27.67-4.16mg/L of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The treatment system was projected to save water consumption by 41.73% and RM180.16 of water saving per month. Water consumption was estimated to be further reduced to 50.83% if reused activities such as irrigation and toilet flushing were applied. Hence, annual water savings could reach up to RM2161.92 per year. With the current instability of water resources, the implementation of the conventional filtration system for ablution water in the mosques provides water security and water resources conservation option for the country.

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Urban Water Inclusive Sustainability: Evidence from 38 Cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2068

Author(s):

Siyu Gao ◽

Haixiang Guo ◽

Jing Yu

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Yangtze River ◽

Spatial Differentiation ◽

Indicator System ◽

Entropy Method ◽

Urban Agglomeration ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Urban Water ◽

The Yangtze River

The ecological environment of urban water resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) is in a huge challenge; yet, while myriad studies have investigated the carrying capacity or sustainable utilization of Chinese water resources, few to none have looked at the inclusive sustainable development of water resources. In this article, a new concept of urban water inclusive sustainability (UWIS) is firstly proposed, and the conceptual framework of ASFII and a five-dimensional indicator system are developed, integrating availability, sustainability, friendliness, inclusiveness and innovation. The panel data of 38 cities in the YREB are adopted from 2008 to 2018 to measure UWIS and five development indexes by the TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) and entropy method. Moreover, the characteristics of the temporal–spatial evolution of the overall system and subsystems coupling coordination are described using the coupling coordination degree model. Key factors that hinder UWIS are identified through the obstacle degree model. The results indicate that the overall UWIS showed a gradual upward trend at a lower to medium level from 2008 to 2018 and a friendliness > sustainability > inclusiveness > innovation > availability index. The UWIS from high to low is YRDUA (Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration), MRYRUA (middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration) and CCUA (Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration). The 38 cities are in low-level coordination, and their temporal characteristics show a trend of economy > science and technology > water resources > environment > societal system, YRDUA > MRYRUA > CCUA. The spatial differentiation is manifested as high in the east and low in the west. The main obstacles come from 12 factors, such as the water resources utilization rate, etc. The findings of our study will be a scientific reference for the Chinese government to track UWIS and ensure urban water resources security in the YREB.

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Improved Set Pair Analysis Model for Urban Water Security Assessment

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2903 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1065-1069 ◽

pp. 2903-2908

Author(s):

Feng Shun Yang ◽

Cheng Jian Xu ◽

Xiao Min Huang ◽

Jun Rong Shao

Keyword(s):

Water Security ◽

Indicator System ◽

Urban Water ◽

Set Pair Analysis ◽

Security Assessment ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Connection Degree ◽

Evaluation Indicator System ◽

Improved Model ◽

Pair Analysis

In view of uncertainty and complexity in the process of urban water security assessment, Set Pair Analysis Model (SPAM) is adopted. Specially, in this study, the model is improved from two aspects: (1) three-element connection degree is expanded to multi-element connection degree, which makes the depiction of state space more accurate; (2) credible degree criterion and marking criterion are combined to analyze the assessment results. The improved model is applied to Wuhan city, China. The evaluation indicator system with clearly logic and hierarchy are built and the weight of each indicator is confirmed by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The evaluation results show that, overall, water security state of Wuhan is good and there is continuous improvement, which is in good agreement with the true situation. The comparison between the results of the model and two other evaluation methods verifies the rationality and reliability of the developed model. In addition, the results also indicate that the developed model is more accurate than ordinary SPAM. Consequently, it is concluded that the model can be an effective tool for urban water security assessment.

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Conflicting objectives of energy development and water security in Africa

10.21203/rs.3.rs-84032/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ioannis Pappis ◽

Vignesh Sridha ◽

Mark Howells ◽

Hrvoje Medarac ◽

Ioannis Kougias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Water Security ◽

Energy System ◽

High Water ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Baseline Scenario ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Conflicting Objectives ◽

Low Carbon Energy

Abstract Africa's economic and population growth prospects are likely to increase energy and water demands. This quantitative study shows that pathways towards decarbonization of the energy sector in Africa may lead to higher water withdrawals and consumption than expected. By 2065, investments in low-carbon energy infrastructure increase annual withdrawals from 1% (2.0oC) to 2% (1.5oC) of total renewable water resources compared to 3% in the baseline scenario, despite lower final energy demands in the mitigation scenarios. Water consumption, in comparison to the baseline, increases by 282% (2.0oC) and 300% (1.5oC) by 2065, due to the high water-intensity of the low-carbon energy system. To meet the 1.5oC pathway, the energy sector requires higher water consumption overall and per unit of energy than other scenarios. These findings demonstrate the crucial role of integrated energy planning and water resources management if Africa is to achieve climate-compatible growth.

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Comprehensive assessment of urban water resources carrying capacity based on basin unit: a case study of Qingdao, China

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2021.351 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ling Yang ◽

Lin Wang

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Resource ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Development Planning ◽

Comprehensive Assessment ◽

Urban Water ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Annual Trend ◽

Water Resources Carrying Capacity ◽

Water Resource Carrying Capacity

Abstract With the quick development of social economy, the sharp contradiction between supply and demand of urban water resources is becoming much more obvious. Comprehensive assessment of urban water resources carrying capacity is of great significance to urban sustainable development planning. In this study, the urban water resources carrying capacity of Qingdao based on basin unit over 2010–2030 is predicted using analytic hierarchy process and system dynamics method. The results showed that the total water demand of all the 9 basins have an upward annual trend from 2017 to 2030, among which the domestic water consumption increase obviously. The urban water resource carrying capacity indexes in all basin over 2017–2030 show a downward annual trend under the current social development model. So it is urgent to improve the water resource carrying capacity of each river basin by means of industrial structure optimization and upgrading and active development of new water sources.

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Plumbing vs Nudging: The Lasting Effect of Efficiency Improvements on Water Conservation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-244481/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sumit Agarwal ◽

Eduardo Araral ◽

Mingxuan Fan ◽

Qin Yu ◽

Huanhuan Zheng

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Water Security ◽

Urban Water ◽

Difference In Differences ◽

Home Improvement ◽

Consumption Data ◽

Security Challenges ◽

Improvement Programme ◽

Residential Water Consumption

Abstract Mega-cities worldwide are facing water security challenges. We investigate two solutions to urban water security: improving plumbing and nudging consumers. We show that improving plumbing alone generates long-lasting effects in water conservation. Using anonymised water consumption data based on water bills from 1.5 million accounts in Singapore over 10 years, our staggered difference-in-differences estimates show that a nation-wide Home Improvement Programme reduces residential water consumption by 3.5%. The effect persists for a decade and is observed across population subgroups. The efficiency improvements also help in mitigating the effect of extreme environmental conditions on water use. Nation-wide nudging through peer comparison may not achieve similar outcomes.

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Research on Agricultural Water Resource Shortage under the Background of Rapid Industrialization and Urbanization — For the Example of Shandong Province

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4935 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 4935-4940

Author(s):

Jun Jie Cao ◽

Jun Xia Xu ◽

Yi Fan Zhao

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Resource ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Urban Water ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Rapid Industrialization ◽

Agricultural Water Resources ◽

Resource Shortage

With the quickening of the process of industrialization and urbanization, industry and urban water consumption rising increased the demand for agricultural water resource. Water pollution brought by industrialization and urbanization reduces the water supply. In the freshwater resources under the condition of the total supply shortage, Shandong agricultural water will face greater pressure. So various and effective measures must be taken to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of agricultural water resources.

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