scholarly journals Basic properties of the mangrove tree branches as a raw material of wood pellets and briquettes

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012005
Author(s):  
A Nuryawan ◽  
R S Syahputra ◽  
I Azhar ◽  
I Risnasari
Keyword(s):  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Cubic Form ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Mangrove Trees

Abstract In order to sustain mangrove forests, only branches part of the mangrove trees have been utilized. In this context, these parts have been used as the raw material of wood pellets and briquettes. These solid biofuels are produced by compressing pulverized woody biomass with or without additives in cubic-form or cylindrical units. In this study, five predominant mangrove trees, namely Avicennia marina, Bruguiera sexangula, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizopora apiculata, and R. mucronata, have been harvested their branches. Wood with and without bark derived from branches has been investigated for their fundamental properties, namely percentage of bark, ash-content, and physical properties (moisture content, density, and specific gravity). These properties will determine the quality class of the resulted wood pellets and briquettes considering pre-treatment or the nature of the branches’ wood.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MANGROVE DI DESA MENDALOK KECAMATAN SUNGAI KUNYIT KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahrul Muharamsyah ◽  
M Sofwan Anwari ◽  
Hafiz Ardian
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Bruguiera Cylindrica

Mangrove forests are unique ecosystems that have ecological, biological and socio-economic functions. The function of mangrove forests on the environment is very important especially in the coastal and oceanic regions. Mangrove forests providers of wood, leaves as raw material for medicines, and natural dye. This study aims to inventory the diversity of species of mangrove vegetation in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. The benefits of this study are to provide the data on mangrove forest vegetation as basic data for local government and related agencies in efforts to protect and preserve mangrove forests in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. Inventory the tree in mangrove forest used a line with measured 200 meters. There are 6 lines and the distance between the lines as far as 100 meters. The lines of observation are placed by purposive sampling. The results of research found 11 types of species and consisted of 6 genera. The genera are Avicennia, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Rhizophora, Soneratia and Xylocarpus. The species found were Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Xylocarpus mollucensis. Diversity of mangrove species in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency was high and should be maintained for conservation and ecotourism area. Keywords : conservation, ecotourism, mangrove, Mendalok Village

scholarly journals COLONIZATION OF MANGROVE FOREST AT ABANDONED SHRIMP-POND OF SEGARA ANAKAN-CILACAP

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Shrimp Ponds ◽  
Shrimp Pond ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Acanthus Ilicifolius ◽  
Avicennia Alba ◽  
Mangrove Trees

During the 1996 to 1997, large areas of mangrove forest in the Segara Anakan were cleared and converted into intensive shrimp-ponds. After one to two years, these shrimp-ponds failed and were abandoned. These abandoned ponds created large gap areas and canopy gaps, which were colonized by mangrove shrub and liana. The Segara Anakan mangrove also experienced heavy siltation, and there were tree cuttings from the remnant of the mangrove trees. This research aimed to study the colonization of mangrove vegetation at the abandoned-shrimp pond. Vegetation data were collected using rectangular plots of 25 m x 25 m with 4 replicates. The water qualities were also studied. The results revealed that the mangrove forests were composed of two layers: canopy tree and floor-vegetation. The gap areas triggered the pioneer species of mangrove shrubs and liana, Acanthus ilicifolius and Derris heterophylla, to colonize and dominate 100% of the mangrove forest floor. The mangrove trees consisted of natural and planted tree species. The natural trees were Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, and saplings of Aegiceras corniculatum, which  varied between 56 – 136, 4, and 4 individuals per ha, respectively. The planted trees were Rhizophora apiculata, which amounted to 4 – 12 individuals per ha, at the island of the ponds. These trees and saplings were entangled by the liana mangrove, which disturbed their growth. The A. ilicifolius and D. heterophylla prevented the mangrove tree propagules to grow, and they colonized and characterized those abandoned shrimp-ponds, which threatened the Segara Anakan mangrove ecosystem. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of Urban Tree Leaf Biomass-Potential, Physico-Mechanical and Chemical Parameters of Raw Material and Solid Biofuel

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Mudryk ◽  
Marcin Jewiarz ◽  
Marek Wróbel ◽  
Marcin Niemiec ◽  
Arkadiusz Dyjakon
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Tree Leaves ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Urban Tree ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Tree Leaf

The paper presents the results of research aimed at evaluating the possibility of using selected tree leaf species to produce solid biofuels. The possibility of production of qualitative solid biofuels from urban tree leaves meets the expectations of the municipal sector. Collection of tree leaves in urban areas is very often necessary for road safety reasons, the need to collect biomass rich in dust and pollution as well as biomass infested with pests. The production of solid biofuels from tree leaves allows for effective management of this raw material with energy recovery. The performed research indicates such a possibility, and the obtained ash is used as a soil improver. The conducted research showed that the biomass of leaves of five tree species used in the experiment can be a source of raw materials for production of qualitative biofuels. The obtained pellets were characterized by properties comparable to those of classical wood pellets. The lower heating value of the obtained pellets ranged from 14.5 to 15.5 MJ∙kg−1. Physical properties of the obtained pellets described by bulk density (BD 600–660 kg∙m−3), mechanical durability (DU 90–96%), moisture (Mar 10–12.5%) indicate that these products can be used in existing combustion equipment. Preliminary analysis of the obtained ashes (determination of ash melting point, bulk density) indicates that they should not cause difficulties in ash removal systems from the combustion chamber.

scholarly journals Carbon Sequestration by the Standing Mangrove Trees at the Achara Estuary along the Coast of Maharashtra State (India)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
Narendra A Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Rhizophora Mucronata ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Mangrove Trees ◽  
Plant Forms

Mangroves or all the plants are known to absorb the atmospheric carbon by photosynthesis. This absorbed carbon is stored in various organic forms and helps to produce the biomass. Trees dominate this process. Greater and taller is the size of the tree more is the amount of carbon fixed. Hence trees are the major plant forms to absorb maximum atmospheric carbon and biomass production. Thus, the present investigation was carried out to calculate the carbon sequestration of 12 standing mangrove tree species in Achara estuary of Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra state. The biomass and total organic carbon of standing trees is estimated by the non-destructive method. The population of Avicennia marina var. acutissima Staf. & Mold. and Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. are more in the estuary and they sequestrate about 585.70×106 and 375.10×106 lbs carbon respectively. A total of 1892.96×106 lbs of the carbon is sequestering by all the mangrove trees present in the estuary.

scholarly journals Impacts of urbanization on mangrove forests and brachyuran crabs in Penang, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Stiepani ◽  
Lucy Gwen Gillis ◽  
Su Yin Chee ◽  
Martin Pfeiffer ◽  
Inga Nordhaus
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
The West ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Species Importance

AbstractUrban development is driving the loss and subsequent fragmentation of mangrove forests in Penang, Malaysia. However, little research has focused on the implications of urbanization onto the biodiversity within mangrove forests. This study investigates and compares both vegetation and crab assemblages between urban and rural mangrove forests. Collectively, 5853 trees were recorded including 15 species from six families: Acanthaceae, Arecaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, and Rhizophoraceae. Avicennia marina accounted for 88.6% of all trees in the study and held the highest species importance (IV). Although the total number of mangrove tree species varied significantly between urban (14) and rural (7) mangrove forests, the mangrove forest structure based on IV did not vary significantly. In total, 633 crabs were recorded comprising 13 different species from three superfamilies: Grapsoidea, Ocypodoidea, and Paguroidea. Crab species richness did not vary between urban and rural sites, but the biomasses of five and the densities of four crab species varied significantly. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that land use, salinity, and abundance of Avicennia officinalis can best describe the distribution of crab species (r2 =32.7). This study indicates that smaller fragmented urban mangroves at the east coast of Penang have a relatively high tree and crab diversity and are worth protecting, in addition to the larger mangrove forests on the west coast. The preservation of small yet interconnected mangrove sites could be critical to the recruitment of their flora and fauna and should be considered in decision-making processes.

scholarly journals Responses and Tolerance Mechanisms of Mangrove Trees to the Ambient Salinity along the Egyptian Red Sea Coast

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Abdelwahab A. Afefe ◽  
Abdel-Hamid A. Khedr ◽  
Mohamed S. Abbas ◽  
Amira Sh. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mangrove Trees ◽  
Ambient Salinity

Abstract Due to the importance of mangrove forests to the ecological system, environment, climate change adaptation, mitigation and ecosystem services, it is necessary to understand the status of the mangroves in Egypt (ecology and physiology). The present study aimed to obtain the basic information needed to evaluate the photosynthetic pigments and proline mechanisms of Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata mangrove to the ambient salinity. The results reached that the free proline accumulated appreciably in leaves. The functional role of proline accumulation appears to be as a cytoplasmic osmoticum to lower cell water potential, provide hydration to bipolymer and serve as an energy source under high salinity environmental conditions. Mangroves showed variations in proline content between the two species. The highest value of proline was recorded 23.56 mg/g dry wt for R. mucronata and the minimum value was recorded 17 mg/g dry wt for A. marina. In addition, the mean value of proline was recorded 18.57 mg/g dry wt for A. marina and 23.98 mg/g dry wt for R. mucronata. The contents of chlorophyll-a in different analyzed mangroves was ranged from 4.46 to 6.05 mg/gf.wt. for A. marina, and from 3.69 to 4.29 mg/gf.wt. for R. mucronata. In addition, the chlorophyll-b content was ranged from 1.46 to 1.83 mg/gf.wt. for A. marina, and from 1.27 to 1.65 mg/gf.wt. for R. mucronata. The carotenoids contents in mangroves ranged from 2.94 to 2.29 mg/gf.wt for A. marina and from 2.04 to 2.09 mg/gf.wt for R. mucronata. In the present study, A. marina was relatively more tolerant and adapted to salinity, low rainfall and extreme temperature conditions than R. mucronata. This explains the more significant local distribution of A. marina in Egypt compared to R. mucronata.

scholarly journals Floral Distribution, Diversity, and Ecology of Mangrove Forests in Mandaitivu and Arali, Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Ahalya Arulnayagam
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Belt Transect ◽  
Bruguiera Cylindrica

Mangroves in the northern parts of Sri Lanka has been understudied and often ignored by the ecologists due to several reasons. This paper contributes to the assessment of floristic diversity and community structure of mangrove forests in two sites in the Northern Province; Mandaitivu and Arali. Vegetation studies were undertaken with the use of 10m wide belt transect laid across the water-land gradient, within which, 5-7 quadrats were placed for floral identification (nMandaitivu = 67, nArali = 44). Subsurface water samples (n=57) from adjacent estuarine region were taken to assess environmental parameters. Ten true mangrove species of six families were identified altogether in both sites. Bruguiera cylindrica, Lumnitzera racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha and Avicennia marina showed higher niche width. Zonation exhibited Rhizophora in the fringing zone, Avicennia landward and the others in the mixed zone. Salinity in both areas were relatively high and showed a significantly positive correlation with mangrove abundance along with conductivity, tidal regime and pH. Despite of their important role in coastal dynamics, mangroves have been degraded due to anthropogenic activities, thus demanding actions for conservation in the future.

Quality of pellets produced from agricultural wood residues specific to the Prut river basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-93
Author(s):  
G. Marian ◽  
◽  
I. Gelu ◽  
B. Istrati ◽  
A. Gudîma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Prut River

Quality of pellets produced from agricultural wood residues specific to the Prut river basin This paper presents an overview of the prospects for the use of agricultural wood residues, specific to the climatic zone adjacent to the Prut River and the qualitative characteristics of densified solid biofuels in the form of pellets produced from the main types of the agricultural wood biomass, taken from agricultural plantations in the Republic of Moldova and Botosani, Iasi, Vaslui and Galați counties in Romania. The aim of the paper is to establish the energy potential of the main indigenous agricultural wood residues and to analyze the quality of the pellets produced from these residues. The research results showed that the pellets produced from the studied agricultural residues mainly meet ENPlus 3 requirements for most qualitative parameters, except for those produced from blackberry and currant residues. Residues from the prunning of some types of fruit shrubs can be used to produce pellets by creating mixtures of different proportions, and their qualitative characteristics can be significantly improved by thermo-chemical pre-treatment of the raw material. Keywords: plant biomass, densified solid biofuels, pellets, biofuel, energy potential, agricultural wood residues.

scholarly journals On the ecogeomorphological feedbacks that control tidal channel network evolution in a sandy mangrove setting

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2180) ◽  
pp. 20150115 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. van Maanen ◽  
G. Coco ◽  
K. R. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Flow ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Tidal Channels ◽  
Channel Network ◽  
Organic Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Mangrove Trees

An ecomorphodynamic model was developed to study how Avicennia marina mangroves influence channel network evolution in sandy tidal embayments. The model accounts for the effects of mangrove trees on tidal flow patterns and sediment dynamics. Mangrove growth is in turn controlled by hydrodynamic conditions. The presence of mangroves was found to enhance the initiation and branching of tidal channels, partly because the extra flow resistance in mangrove forests favours flow concentration, and thus sediment erosion in between vegetated areas. The enhanced branching of channels is also the result of a vegetation-induced increase in erosion threshold. On the other hand, this reduction in bed erodibility, together with the soil expansion driven by organic matter production, reduces the landward expansion of channels. The ongoing accretion in mangrove forests ultimately drives a reduction in tidal prism and an overall retreat of the channel network. During sea-level rise, mangroves can potentially enhance the ability of the soil surface to maintain an elevation within the upper portion of the intertidal zone, while hindering both the branching and headward erosion of the landward expanding channels. The modelling results presented here indicate the critical control exerted by ecogeomorphological interactions in driving landscape evolution.

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