scholarly journals Physical Properties of Impregnated Ganitri Wood by Furfuryl Alcohol and Nano-SiO2

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
I S Rahayu ◽  
I Wahyuningtyas ◽  
L H Zaini ◽  
W Darmawan ◽  
A Maddu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Wood Impregnation ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Wall Components

Abstract Ganitri wood (Elaeocarpus sphaericus) is a fast-growing wood that has low dimensional stability and density. This study aims were to analyze the effect of Furfuryl Alcohol (FA) and nano-SiO2 impregnation on the dimensional stability and density of ganitri wood and also examine the characteristics of impregnated ganitri wood. Impregnation used three treatments, including untreated (water), FA, and 0.5% FA-SiO2. The impregnation process was initiated by giving a 0.5 bar vacuum for 60 minutes, followed by applying a pressure of 2.5 bar for 120 minutes. Weight percent gain, leachability, anti-swelling efficiency, water uptake, bulking effect, and density were affected by the treatment. It was due to the coverage of FA and nano-SiO2 on vessels of ganitri wood (SEM analysis). Also, the presence of nano-SiO2 in wood treated (SEM-EDX analysis). FT-IR showed there were no FA bonds with ganitri wood cell wall components or between Nano- SiO2 and ganitri wood. The crystallinity of ganitri wood decreases because FA is amorphous and nano-SiO2 is semi-crystalline. The optimum dimensional stability and density were obtained at FA treatment.

scholarly journals Acetylation of Wood Flour from Four Wood Species Grown in Nigeria Using Vinegar and Acetic Anhydride

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yakubu Azeh ◽  
Gabriel Ademola Olatunji ◽  
Cheku Mohammed ◽  
Paul Andrew Mamza
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fibers ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
African Locust Bean

Effect of acetylation on pretreated wood flour of four different wood species, Boabab (Adansonia digitata), Mahoganny (Daniella oliveri), African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and Beech wood (Gmelina arborea), had been investigated. The first batch of wood species were acetylated using acetic anhydride while the second batch were acetylated with commercial vinegar. Both experiments were conducted in the presence of varying amount of CaCl2 as catalyst and at temperature of 120°C for 3 h. The success of acetylation was determined based on Weight Percent Gain for each sample treated with either chemicals used. FT-IR, a veritable tool was used for the analysis of both treated and untreated samples to further investigate the success of acetylation. The results showed the presence of important band such as carbonyl absorptions at 1743, 1744, 1746, 1731, 1718 and 1696 cm−1 as appeared separately in the spectra of acetylated samples, confirming esterification occurred. The purpose of this work was to investigate the applicability of vinegar for acetylation of lignocellulosic fibers. Blends/composites were prepared by solution casting and their kinetics investigated in distilled water. The results indicated they could be used in outdoor applications such as, decking and packaging.

Evaluation of water related properties of birch wood products modified with different molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde oligomers

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juris Grinins ◽  
Vladimirs Biziks ◽  
Janis Rizikovs ◽  
Ilze Irbe ◽  
Holger Militz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Molecular Weights

Abstract This study investigated the effect of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin treatment on the dimensional stability of birch solid wood and plywood. Therefore, three different low molecular weight PF resins with average molecular weights (M w ) of 292, 528, and 884 g/mol were synthesized and used for silver birch (Betula pendula) solid wood (20 × 20 × 20 mm3) and veneer (100 × 100 × 1.4 and 300 × 300 × 1.4 mm3) impregnation to produce plywood. The weight percent gain (WPG) and bulking after curing of resin treated wood specimens were determined. The leaching was performed to evaluate the PF resin fixation stability. All tested resins at all concentrations were similarly fixed in wood blocks after the leaching (1.5–2.0% WPG loss). The dimensional stability of birch wood after treatment with all tested PF resins was significantly improved. The anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of birch wood blocks treated with PF resins after seven water soaking-drying cycles was in the range of 39–53%, 46–65% and 49–65% using 10, 15 and 20% solution concentrations, respectively. Whereas, the ASE of plywood obtained from veneers treated with 10% of PF solution was improved by 6–20%. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and volumetric swelling (VS) of PF treated plywood at 98% of relative humidity (RH) decreased significantly. All PF resin treated plywood surfaces were more hydrophobic compared to untreated plywood.

scholarly journals Improving Hydrophobicity of Tropical Hardwood along Axial Positions

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1339-1343
Author(s):  
O.A. Adegoke ◽  
F.G. Adebawo ◽  
O.O. Ajala ◽  
E.A. Adelusi ◽  
A.J. Oloketuyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Tropical Hardwood ◽  
Acetyl Group ◽  
Percentage Of Water Absorption ◽  
Modified Wood

Wood is hygroscopic and is considered dimensionally unstable materials when exposed to wet conditions. To increase the hydrophobicity of wood, this study focused on the modification of tropical hardwood (Triplochiton scleroxylon) along different positions of the stem using acetic anhydride The weight percent gain (WPG) was determined and acetylation reaction was confirmed with FTIR. The dimensional stability of the wood was characterized by water absorption (WA), volumetric swelling (VS), anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), and water repellent efficiency (WRE). Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance at α0.05. It was observed that the weight gain (WG) by acetylation increases along the axial position (base to top) of T. scleroxylon wood. IR-spectra confirmed properly the substitution of the acetyl group. The treatment resulted in a marked improvement in the WA and VS, ASE, and WRE of acetylated T. scleroxylon wood were also found to improve considerably from base to top of the wood. It could be said that the WPG and hydrophobicity increased, but the percentage of water absorption and volumetric swelling diminished. Hence, the modified wood showed good hydrophobicity and improved dimensional stability.

N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) – an efficient catalyst for acetylation of wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giridhar B. Nagarajappa ◽  
Krishna K. Pandey ◽  
Aniket S. Shinde ◽  
Hosadu M. Vagdevi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Efficient Catalyst ◽  
C Nmr

Abstract Solvent-free acetylation of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Müll.Arg) with acetic anhydride (Ac2O) and by means of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as catalyst was carried out in an oil bath at 105°C and 120°C. The effect of catalyst concentration, temperature, and reaction time was studied. The extent of acetylation was measured by determining the weight percent gain (WPG), and the acetylated wood was characterized by FTIR-ATR, CP/MAS 13C NMR, and XRD spectroscopy. The presence of NBS in concentrations between 1.0% and 3.0% elevated the acetylation rate to a great extent. WPG increased from 8.1% without catalyst to 22.1% for 2% NBS concentration after 60 min reaction at 120°C. Similarly, after 60-min reaction time at 105°C, WPG with 3% NBS concentration was 19.0% compared to 7.6% with un-catalyzed reaction under the same reaction conditions. The effect of microwave heating (MWh) on the NBS-catalyzed acetylation was also investigated. A significant level of modification was achieved within a few minutes of MWh. The hydrophobic properties and dimensional stability of the acetylated wood were elevated. NBS was found to be an effective catalyst for wood acetylation.

scholarly journals Furfuryl Alcohol Treatment of Bamboo Betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer ex K. Heyne) Strips

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Krisdianto Krisdianto ◽  
Peter Vinden ◽  
Simon Prezwloka
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Vacuum Treatment ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dendrocalamus Asper ◽  
Weight Percentage Gain ◽  
Active Solvent

Based upon  successful chemical modification of  wood, bamboo strips  were subjected to  furfurylation treatment. Furfurylation in the mean of impregnating furfuryl alcohol to the bamboo and then heated at 100°C for 24 hours to produce solid polymeric resin. The success of furfurylation is assessed by uptake and the weight percentage gain of furfurylated bamboo strips. However, the treatability of dry bamboo strip is relatively poor. This paper studies the furfurylation process of bamboo betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer ex K.Heyne) strips by soaking, vacuuming and the combinations thereof. Results showed that soaking bamboo strips for two days after vacuum treatment achieved optimum uptake of furfuryl alcohol solutions and gave rise to an 80% weight gain. Catalyst addition during furfurylation did not increase the weight percent gain. Water was an active solvent carrier for achieving higher weight gains

scholarly journals Color Changes and Resistance Against Subterranean Termites Attack of Furfuryl Alcohol Impregnated Pine and Sengon Woods Through Graveyard Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
P A Sabrina ◽  
Y S Hadi ◽  
D S Nawawi ◽  
I B Abdillah ◽  
R Pari
Keyword(s):  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Termite Attack ◽  
One Year ◽  
Wood Resistance

Abstract Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) are common species of woods used for many purposes. Both species are known susceptible against subterranean termite attack. This study aims to analyze the effect of furfuryl alcohol impregnation on color changes and the resistance against subterranean termites of pinewood and sengon after in-ground test for one year. Furfurylated pine and sengon woods reached weight percent gain 31.2% and 79.1%, densities 0.93 g/cm3 and 0.43 g/cm3, moisture content 3.27% and 2.88%, respectively. Furfurylated pine and sengon woods have lost weight 4.07% dan 2.09%, respectively, with the average resistance level of 9.8 on both woods while untreated pine and sengon woods lost weight were 59.02% and 35.58%, with resistance level 4 and 3.8, respectively. Resistance level scoring was conducted by refering to ASTM D1758-06. Higher resistance level and lower weight loss on both furfurylated woods compared to untreated woods showed that furfurylation could increase the wood resistance against termite attack.

Preparation and Properties of Acetylated and Propionylated Wood-Silicate Composite

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-Z. Li ◽  
T. Furuno ◽  
S. Katoh
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Flame Resistance

Summary Acetylated wood-silicate (AWS) composites and propionylated wood-silicate (PWS) composites were prepared and their dimensional stability and flame resistance evaluated. The results displayed that: (1) With the existing of silicate gels, the AWS and PWS composites showed lower values of bulking coefficient (B), antiswelling efficiency (ASE) during water and moisture absorptions, and moisture excluding efficiency (MEE) than the corresponding acetylated wood and propionylated woods, but the AWS and PWS composites still exhibited a fairly good dimensional stability. (2) The oxygen indexes (OIs) of the AWS and PWS composites were higher than those of untreated wood specimens, and increased with an increase in weight percent gain (WPGs) of silicate gel, endowing them with flame-resistance.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Furfuryl Alcohol (FA) Resin in Bamboo Materials after Surface Furfurylation

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1157
Author(s):  
Minghui Liu ◽  
Wanju Li ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Xuexia Zhang ◽  
Yan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Engineering Material ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
Biological Durability

In this study, bamboo was treated with an optimized surface furfurylation process. With this process, dimensionally stable and highly biologically durable bamboo material could be prepared without mechanical reduction. The anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) could reach 50% with a low weight percent gain (WPG about 13%). By using SEM, nanoindentation, and Imaging FTIR, we demonstrated that this high performance improvement is attributed to the unique furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin distribution pattern in the modified bamboo, namely a higher concentration of FA resin located in the region near to the surface of bamboo, and what is more, the preferred distribution of FA resin within the cell walls of parenchyma cells, which is known to be the weak point of bamboo both for biological durability and mechanical performances. Such graded modified bamboo could be utilized as a reliable engineering material for outdoor applications.

Dimensional stability of lotus leaf-like nanostructure superhydrophobic bamboo by modification using xylan

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 3443-3457
Author(s):  
Xun Gao ◽  
Ling Su ◽  
Guiquan Jiang ◽  
Jiuyin Pang ◽  
Lin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Soft Lithography ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Lotus Leaf ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Superhydrophobic Property

Xylan extracted from corncobs was used to modify bamboo and to improve its dimensional stability. A lotus leaf-like surface was prepared on the modified bamboo using a fresh lotus leaf and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the template and seal via soft lithography. The dimensional stability of bamboo was tested via anti-shrinkage efficiency (ASE), moisture excluding efficiency (MEE), weight percent gain (WPG), and its superhydrophobic property. The microstructures of lotus-like bamboo surface were analyzed via water contact angle (WCA), scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The study found that with increasing mass fraction of xylan content, the anti-swelling property and WPG of modified bamboo increased accordingly. When the mass fraction of xylan was 10%, its WPG was the largest (2.21%), and xylan had a better compatibilization effect on bamboo. The dimensional stability of bamboo was improved to a certain extent by xylan. Moreover, the anisotropy and superhydrophobicity of the lotus leaf-like bamboo treated by xylan were noticeably improved after modification, such that the WCA of the transverse, radial, and tangential sections were 157.5º, 145.5º, and 137.5º, respectively. This research lays a foundation for studies of dimensional stability of bamboo and the mechanism of modification to achieve hydrophobic properties.

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