scholarly journals Color Changes and Resistance Against Subterranean Termites Attack of Furfuryl Alcohol Impregnated Pine and Sengon Woods Through Graveyard Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
P A Sabrina ◽  
Y S Hadi ◽  
D S Nawawi ◽  
I B Abdillah ◽  
R Pari
Keyword(s):  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Termite Attack ◽  
One Year ◽  
Wood Resistance

Abstract Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) are common species of woods used for many purposes. Both species are known susceptible against subterranean termite attack. This study aims to analyze the effect of furfuryl alcohol impregnation on color changes and the resistance against subterranean termites of pinewood and sengon after in-ground test for one year. Furfurylated pine and sengon woods reached weight percent gain 31.2% and 79.1%, densities 0.93 g/cm3 and 0.43 g/cm3, moisture content 3.27% and 2.88%, respectively. Furfurylated pine and sengon woods have lost weight 4.07% dan 2.09%, respectively, with the average resistance level of 9.8 on both woods while untreated pine and sengon woods lost weight were 59.02% and 35.58%, with resistance level 4 and 3.8, respectively. Resistance level scoring was conducted by refering to ASTM D1758-06. Higher resistance level and lower weight loss on both furfurylated woods compared to untreated woods showed that furfurylation could increase the wood resistance against termite attack.

scholarly journals Color change and termite resistance of fast-growing tropical woods treated with kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) smoke

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Sudo Hadi ◽  
Muh Yusram Massijaya ◽  
Dodi Nandika ◽  
Wa Ode Muliastuty Arsyad ◽  
Imam Busyra Abdillah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Subterranean Termites ◽  
Schleichera Oleosa ◽  
Termite Attack ◽  
Wood Resistance ◽  
Tropical Woods ◽  
Anthocephalus Cadamba

Abstract Smoke treatment can be used to enhance wood resistance to subterranean termite attack. In this study, kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) wood was pyrolyzed to produce charcoal. The smoke produced as a by-product of pyrolysis was used to treat sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii) wood samples for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Following the smoke treatment, the wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) according to the Indonesian standard 7207-2014 in a laboratory. The color change caused by smoke treatment was observed, and chemical analysis of smoke was also done. The results showed that chemical compounds of kesambi smoke predominantly consisted of acetic acid, phenol, ketones, amines, and benzene. The color of smoked wood became darker, less yellow, and a little redder, while a longer smoking period produced a darker color which was more resistant to termite attack. Smoke treatment enhanced the resistance of wood to subterranean termite attack, and the resistance levels were not significantly different based on the duration of the smoke treatment.

scholarly journals Furfuryl Alcohol Treatment of Bamboo Betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer ex K. Heyne) Strips

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Krisdianto Krisdianto ◽  
Peter Vinden ◽  
Simon Prezwloka
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Vacuum Treatment ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dendrocalamus Asper ◽  
Weight Percentage Gain ◽  
Active Solvent

Based upon  successful chemical modification of  wood, bamboo strips  were subjected to  furfurylation treatment. Furfurylation in the mean of impregnating furfuryl alcohol to the bamboo and then heated at 100°C for 24 hours to produce solid polymeric resin. The success of furfurylation is assessed by uptake and the weight percentage gain of furfurylated bamboo strips. However, the treatability of dry bamboo strip is relatively poor. This paper studies the furfurylation process of bamboo betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer ex K.Heyne) strips by soaking, vacuuming and the combinations thereof. Results showed that soaking bamboo strips for two days after vacuum treatment achieved optimum uptake of furfuryl alcohol solutions and gave rise to an 80% weight gain. Catalyst addition during furfurylation did not increase the weight percent gain. Water was an active solvent carrier for achieving higher weight gains

scholarly journals Physical Properties of Impregnated Ganitri Wood by Furfuryl Alcohol and Nano-SiO2

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012012
Author(s):  
I S Rahayu ◽  
I Wahyuningtyas ◽  
L H Zaini ◽  
W Darmawan ◽  
A Maddu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Wood Impregnation ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Wall Components

Abstract Ganitri wood (Elaeocarpus sphaericus) is a fast-growing wood that has low dimensional stability and density. This study aims were to analyze the effect of Furfuryl Alcohol (FA) and nano-SiO2 impregnation on the dimensional stability and density of ganitri wood and also examine the characteristics of impregnated ganitri wood. Impregnation used three treatments, including untreated (water), FA, and 0.5% FA-SiO2. The impregnation process was initiated by giving a 0.5 bar vacuum for 60 minutes, followed by applying a pressure of 2.5 bar for 120 minutes. Weight percent gain, leachability, anti-swelling efficiency, water uptake, bulking effect, and density were affected by the treatment. It was due to the coverage of FA and nano-SiO2 on vessels of ganitri wood (SEM analysis). Also, the presence of nano-SiO2 in wood treated (SEM-EDX analysis). FT-IR showed there were no FA bonds with ganitri wood cell wall components or between Nano- SiO2 and ganitri wood. The crystallinity of ganitri wood decreases because FA is amorphous and nano-SiO2 is semi-crystalline. The optimum dimensional stability and density were obtained at FA treatment.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Furfuryl Alcohol (FA) Resin in Bamboo Materials after Surface Furfurylation

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1157
Author(s):  
Minghui Liu ◽  
Wanju Li ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Xuexia Zhang ◽  
Yan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Engineering Material ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
Biological Durability

In this study, bamboo was treated with an optimized surface furfurylation process. With this process, dimensionally stable and highly biologically durable bamboo material could be prepared without mechanical reduction. The anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) could reach 50% with a low weight percent gain (WPG about 13%). By using SEM, nanoindentation, and Imaging FTIR, we demonstrated that this high performance improvement is attributed to the unique furfuryl alcohol (FA) resin distribution pattern in the modified bamboo, namely a higher concentration of FA resin located in the region near to the surface of bamboo, and what is more, the preferred distribution of FA resin within the cell walls of parenchyma cells, which is known to be the weak point of bamboo both for biological durability and mechanical performances. Such graded modified bamboo could be utilized as a reliable engineering material for outdoor applications.

scholarly journals Hydrophobization and Photo-Stabilization of Radiata Pinewood: The Effect of the Esterification on Thermal and Mechanical Properties

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
René Herrera Díaz ◽  
Oihana Gordobil ◽  
Pedro L. de Hoyos-Martinez ◽  
Anna Sandak ◽  
Jalel Labidi
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Contact Angle ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Dynamic Contact ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Aliphatic Chain ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Wide Range

Wood protection through chemical modification has received increasing interest over the last decades due to the environmental issues related to conventional biocides or protecting products. Consequently, a wide range of new treatments are developed in laboratories, which are later scaled up in the industrial environment. The main goal of modifying wood for indoor–outdoor application is to change its hydrophilic character, which in turn improves the intrinsic properties of the material and its durability against external factors. Wood can be esterified through its hydroxyl groups to obtain a hydrophobic and photo-stable material. Chemical modifications of Pinus radiata D. Don wood using hexanoyl chloride (P6), dodecanoyl chloride (P12), and stearoyl chloride (P18) were carried out at different concentrations. Esterification was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique combined with a discriminatory analysis. Weight percent gain was associated with the number of carbons of the aliphatic chain of the fatty acid (P6 > P12 > P18). Moreover, an increase of wood density as a consequence of modification treatments was observed. A substantial improvement of the hydrophobicity of wood was observed by dynamic contact angle measurements. In addition, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on color changes was reduced with the treatments. Furthermore, the P6 treatment presented acceptable values of modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), being suitable for similar mechanical uses as non-treated pinewood. However, only treatments P12 and P18 enhanced thermal resistance of the pinewood in an oxidative atmosphere.

scholarly journals Effect of Furfurylation on Hierarchical Porous Structure of Poplar Wood

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Shen ◽  
Pan Jiang ◽  
Dengkang Guo ◽  
Gaiyun Li ◽  
Fuxiang Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Structure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Hierarchical Porous Structure ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Hierarchical Porous

Some wood properties (such as permeability and acoustic properties) are closely related to its hierarchical porous structure, which is responsible for its potential applications. In this study, the effect of wood impregnation with furfuryl alcohol on its hierarchical porous structure was investigated by microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry. Results indicated decreasing lumina diameters and increasing cell wall thickness of various cells after modification. These alterations became serious with enhancing weight percent gain (WPG). Some perforations and pits were also occluded. Compared with those of untreated wood, the porosity and pore volume of two furfurylated woods decreased at most of the pore diameters, which became more remarkable with raising WPG. The majority of pore sizes (diameters of 1000~100,000 nm and 10~80 nm) of macrospores and micro-mesopores of two furfurylated woods were the same as those of untreated wood. This work could offer thorough knowledge of the hierarchical porous structure of impregnatedly modified wood and pore-related properties, thereby providing guidance for subsequent wood processing and value-added applications.

scholarly journals Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2359
Author(s):  
Harmaen Ahmad Saffian ◽  
Masayuki Yamaguchi ◽  
Hidayah Ariffin ◽  
Khalina Abdan ◽  
Nur Kartinee Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Kenaf Core ◽  
Modified Lignin

In this study, Kraft lignin was esterified with phthalic anhydride and was served as reinforcing filler for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Composites with different ratios of PBS, lignin (L), modified lignin (ML) and kenaf core fibers (KCF) were fabricated using a compounding method. The fabricated PBS composites and its counterparts were tested for thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Weight percent gain of 4.5% after lignin modification and the FTIR spectra has confirmed the occurrence of an esterification reaction. Better thermo-mechanical properties were observed in the PBS composites reinforced with modified lignin and KCF, as higher storage modulus and loss modulus were recorded using dynamic mechanical analysis. The density of the composites fabricated ranged from 1.26 to 1.43 g/cm3. Water absorption of the composites with the addition of modified lignin is higher than that of composites with unmodified lignin. Pure PBS exhibited the highest tensile strength of 18.62 MPa. Incorporation of lignin and KCF into PBS resulted in different extents of reduction in tensile strength (15.78 to 18.60 MPa). However, PBS composite reinforced with modified lignin exhibited better tensile and flexural strength compared to its unmodified lignin counterpart. PBS composite reinforced with 30 wt% ML and 20 wt% KCF had the highest Izod impact, as fibers could diverge the cracking propagation of the matrix. The thermal conductivity value of the composites ranged from 0.0903 to 0.0983 W/mK, showing great potential as a heat insulator.

Fabrication of highly stable and durable furfurylated wood materials. Part I: process optimization

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1135-1146
Author(s):  
Wanju Li ◽  
Minghui Liu ◽  
Hankun Wang ◽  
Yan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Weight Percent Gain ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Mold Resistance

AbstractIn order to improve dimensional stability and durability of wood, furfurylation of poplar and Chinese fir wood using newly developed furfuryl alcohol (FA) formulation combined with a common vacuum and pressure impregnation process was studied. An orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the furfurylation process for the two wood species. The weight percent gain (WPG), equilibrium moisture content (EMC), anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), as well as resistance to mold, decay fungi, and termites were evaluated. The results showed that nearly all the properties of the furfurylated wood could be improved to various extents. The average ASE of the furfurylated Chinese fir and poplar could reach as high as 80, 71, 92% and 79, 90, 75% in tangential and radial directions, and by volume, respectively, higher than most previously reported wood modification processes. Furthermore, the modified wood had excellent biological durability, with nearly 100% mold resistance, strong decay and termite resistance. Finally, processing parameters with 50% FA, 105–115 °C curing temperature, and 5–8 h curing time were therefore recommended for pilot-scale production of furfurylated poplar and Chinese fir wood based on range analysis.

scholarly journals Target-Site Mutations and Expression of ALS Gene Copies Vary According to Echinochloa Species

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1841
Author(s):  
Silvia Panozzo ◽  
Elisa Mascanzoni ◽  
Laura Scarabel ◽  
Andrea Milani ◽  
Giliardi Dalazen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Target Site ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Als Inhibitors

The sustainability of rice cropping systems is jeopardized by the large number and variety of populations of polyploid Echinochloa spp. resistant to ALS inhibitors. Better knowledge of the Echinochloa species present in Italian rice fields and the study of ALS genes involved in target-site resistance could significantly contribute to a better understanding of resistance evolution and management. Using a CAPS-rbcL molecular marker, two species, E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. and E. oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasing., were identified as the most common species in rice in Italy. Mutations involved in ALS inhibitor resistance in the different species were identified and associated with the ALS homoeologs. The relative expression of the ALS gene copies was evaluated. Molecular characterization led to the identification of three ALS genes in E. crus-galli and two in E. oryzicola. The two species also carried different point mutations conferring resistance: Ala122Asn in E. crus-galli and Trp574Leu in E. oryzicola. Mutations were carried in the same gene copy (ALS1), which was significantly more expressed than the other copies (ALS2 and ALS3) in both species. These results explain the high resistance level of these populations and why mutations in the other ALS copies are not involved in herbicide resistance.

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