scholarly journals Influence of Spring Wheat Growing Conditions on Alpha-Amylase Activity in Grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022136
Author(s):  
L Mishchenko ◽  
M Terekhin ◽  
N Terekhin ◽  
A Muratov
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Phenotypic Manifestation ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract The meteorological conditions in which organogenesis stages take place and hydrothermal regime can determine the phenotypic manifestation of quantitative signs, such as, for example, the activity of alpha-amylase. The purpose of our work was to determine what factors (temperature, precipitation, heterothermal coefficient) affect the enzyme activity, at what time of the vegetation, and in what way this influence is evident. The analysis of weather conditions and falling number (FN) for the period from 2011 to 2020 was carried out. Analysis of the FN value over 10 years showed that it can vary from 90 s to 429 s, and at that, the nature of its change is the same, regardless of whether we are considering one variety or the average value for a group of varieties. The correlation coefficient between the FN of a group of varieties and individual FN is 0.94-0.98. Generally, during the vegetation season, the alpha-amylase activity was influenced to a greater extent by the amount of precipitation than by temperature. This dependence is negative - an increase in precipitation leads to a decrease in the FN, and, consequently, to an increase in the enzyme activity. However, it was found that in different phases of ontogeny the influence of temperature and precipitation can be diametrically opposite.

scholarly journals Grassland communities in the USA and expected trends associated with climate change

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Paul Belesky ◽  
Dariusz Piotr Malinowski
Keyword(s):  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Grassland Communities ◽  
Growing Conditions

Grasslands, including managed grazinglands, represent one of the largest ecosystems on the planet. Managed grazinglands in particular tend to occupy marginal climatic and edaphic resource zones, thus exacerbating responses in net primary productivity relative to changes in system resources, including anthropogenic factors. Climate dynamism, as evident from the fossil record, appears to be a putative feature of our planet. Recent global trends in temperature and precipitation patterns seem to differ from long-term patterns and have been associated with human activities linked with increased greenhouse gas emissions; specifically CO<span><sub>2</sub></span>. Thus grasslands, with their diverse floristic components, and interaction with and dependence upon herbivores, have a remarkable ability to persist and sustain productivity in response to changing resource conditions. This resistance and resilience to change, including uncertain long-term weather conditions, establishes managed grasslands as an important means of protecting food security. We review responses of grassland communities across regions of the USA and consider the responses in productivity and system function with respect to climatic variation. Research is needed to identify plant resources and management technologies that strengthen our ability to capitalize upon physiological and anatomical features prevalent in grassland communities associated with varying growing conditions.

scholarly journals Cold Weather Conditions and Risk of Hypothermia Among People Experiencing Homelessness: Implications for Prevention Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Zhang ◽  
Kathryn Wiens ◽  
Ri Wang ◽  
Linh Luong ◽  
Donna Ansara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Minimum Daily Temperature ◽  
The Relationship

Hypothermia is a preventable condition that disproportionately affects individuals who experience homelessness, yet limited data exist to inform the response to cold weather. To fill this gap, we examined the association between meteorological conditions and the risk of hypothermia among homeless individuals. Hypothermic events were identified from emergency department charts and coroner’s records between 2004 and 2015 in Toronto, Canada. A time-stratified case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the meteorological conditions (minimum temperature and precipitation) and the risk of hypothermia. There were 97 hypothermic events identified: 79 injuries and 18 deaths. The odds of experiencing a hypothermic event increased 1.64-fold (95% CI: 1.30–2.07) with every 5 °C decrease in the minimum daily temperature and 1.10-fold (95% CI: 1.03–1.17) with every 1 mm increase in precipitation. The risk of hypothermia among individuals experiencing homelessness increased with declining temperature; however, most cases occurred during periods of low and moderate cold stress. 72% occurred when the minimum daily temperatures were warmer than −15 °C. These findings highlight the importance of providing a seasonal cold weather response to prevent hypothermia, complemented by an alert-based response on extremely cold days.

Alpha-amylase activity of wheat grain from crops differing in grain drying rate

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. KETTLEWELL ◽  
M. M. CASHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Hagberg Falling Number

The hypothesis was tested that slow grain drying stimulates pre-maturity alpha-amylase activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Grain drying rate in 91 commercial crops of cultivars Avalon or Mercia grown over the years 1988–90 was estimated from the slope of linear regressions of moisture content on time. Incipient sprouting was detected in some samples from 1988 using the fluoroscein dibutyrate test, but results from a beta-limit dextrin gel assay indicated that pre-maturity alpha-amylase was probably the major source of alpha-amylase activity in these samples. Although year-to-year differences in ln alpha-amylase activity and Hagberg falling number tended to be associated with seasonal differences in drying rate, there was no evidence of a relationship between either ln alpha-amylase activity or Hagberg falling number and drying rate after the year effect was removed by an analysis of covariance. A second dataset from one crop in each of 14 years at one site showed significant positive linear relationships between cumulative potential evapotranspiration calculated over different periods during grain ripening and Hagberg falling number (excluding 3 years when incipient sprouting was thought to occur). It was concluded that pre-maturity alpha-amylase activity was stimulated by an unknown environmental factor differing between seasons and associated with seasonal differences in drying rate and cumulative potential evapotranspiration.

scholarly journals Action of gibberellic acid (GA3) on dormancy and activity of alpha-amylase in rice seeds

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Rodrigues Vieira ◽  
Maria das Graças Guimarães Carvalho Vieira ◽  
Antônio C. Fraga ◽  
João Almir Oliveira ◽  
Custódio D. dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Air Circulation

To evaluate the effectiveness of gibberellic acid (GA3) in breaking rice seed dormancy and the use of alpha-amylase enzyme activity as an indicator of the dormancy level, seed from the intensively dormant irrigated cultivar Urucuia were used. The seeds were submitted to a pre-drying process in a forced air circulation chamber under 40ºC during 7 days and submersed in 30 mL of GA3 solution under 0, 10, 30 and 60 mg/L H2O concentrations, during 2, 24 and 36 hours. After the treatments, the alpha-amylase activity was determined by using the polyacrilamide electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. At the same time, the germination test was made. The results indicated a gain in germination and in alpha-amylase activity in higher concentrations and soaking time of seeds in GA3. These observations support the conclusion that soaking seed in 60 mg GA3/L during 36 hours can be used as a quick and efficient treatment in breaking rice seed dormancy and is equivalent to the forced air circulation chamber at 40ºC during 7 days. The alpha-amylase enzyme activity proved to be as an efficient marker of the seeds dormancy level.

Susceptibility of naked oat cultivars to seed sprouting

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 823-832
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zieliński ◽  
Magdalena Simlat ◽  
Tomasz Wójtowicz ◽  
Maria Moś
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Oat Cultivars

AbstractThe production of economically important cereals is accompanied by the phenomenon of sprouting which in naked cultivars may limit their reproduction and usability. The objective of the work is to evaluate the susceptibility to sprouting in naked oat cultivars, and to test the usefulness of sprouting indices. In the years 2008–2010 for seeds of 8 cultivars, differing in the degree of sprouting damage, the coefficient of sprouting (Cs) was determined. Germinability (GF), dynamics (GD) and average germination time (GAT) were determined for seeds germinating in the presence of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and under control conditions. Basing on the falling number (FN) in consecutive days of the sprouting induction, alpha-amylase activity was determined. The highest values of Cs were found in 2008, the year with the highest total rainfall and temperature. In the presence of ABA the GF decreased by 21%, the GAT was 4.7 days longer, and the GD decreased by 55% compared with other substrates. An increase in alpha-amylase activity contributed to a 50%, on average, decrease in FN at 10°C and 30°C after 48 and 24 h of incubation, respectively. In the analyzed years the greatest resistance to sprouting was found for Bullion seeds.

Effects of spring nitrogen fertilizer on the Hagberg falling number of grain from breadmaking varieties of winter wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gooding ◽  
P. S. Kettlewell ◽  
W. P. Davies ◽  
T. J. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Quality Measurement ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Previous Suggestion ◽  
Hagberg Falling Number

Hagberg falling number (HFN) is used to estimate alpha-amylase activity in wheat grain (Perten, 1964) and it is utilized by flour millers and the Intervention Agencies of the European Economic Community as a grain quality measurement for breadmaking (Anon. 1983). High nitrogen fertilizer application can lead to lodging and can decrease HFN (Brun, 1982). This may result from damp conditions around the ear encouraging germination, and therefore increasing alpha-amylase activity (Stewart, 1984). However, since nitrogen application can also delay maturity, it has been suggested that this influence could maintain high falling number (Anon. 1985). Pushman & Bingham (1976) found that increased nitrogen application decreased alpha-amylase activity, lending support to the previous suggestion, but contrasting with the results of Brun (1982).

scholarly journals The effect of hydrothermal coefficient on productivity of maize hybrids of various groups of ripeness

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
G. Ya. Krivosheev ◽  
N. A. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Early Ripening ◽  
Growing Conditions

The improvement of the breeding programs, selection of the optimal group of ripeness depends on the soil and climatic conditions for which varieties and hybrids are developed. One of the most important indicators of climatic conditions is the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). The purpose of the current study was to analyze the effect of HTC on the productivity of maize hybrids of various groups of ripeness. The studies were carried out in 2014–2019 at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” located in the southern zone of the Rostov Region, characterized by unstable moisture. The objects of the study were 96 interlinear maize hybrids of three groups of ripeness, namely an early ripening group (FAO 150), a middle-early ripening group (FAO 200) and a middle ripening group (FAO 300). There was a systematic use of variants in the trials. The weather conditions of the years 2014 and 2018 could be estimated as arid (HTC = 0.32–0.57). The years 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2019 were of medium aridity (HTC = 0.58–0.89). The HTC determined only for the entire vegetation period did not allow estimating objectively the growing conditions. There has been required a more detailed analysis of the HTC for the periods (months) of vegetation. On average, over the years of study, the middle ripening maize hybrids were characterized with the largest grain productivity (3.98 t/ha). The early ripening maize hybrids were characterized with the smallest productivity (3.31 t/ha). The middle-early ripening hybrids were characterized with the average value (3.80 t/ha). However, in different years, the maximum grain yields were produced by the hybrids of various groups of ripeness, including by the early ripening varieties, that depended on the amount of HTC in different vegetation periods. There have been identified average positive correlation coefficients between the HTC values and maize hybrids’ productivity (r = 0.64–0.74). The use of maize hybrids of various groups of ripeness can stabilize the gross harvest of maize.

scholarly journals Grass pollen seasons in Poland against a background of the meteorological conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Myszkowska ◽  
Katarzyna Piotrowicz ◽  
Monika Ziemianin ◽  
Kazimiera Chłopek ◽  
Katarzyna Dąbrowska-Zapart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grass Pollen ◽  
Pollen Season ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Pollen Concentrations ◽  
Poaceae Pollen ◽  
Pollen Seasons

The paper refers to the estimation of Poaceae pollen seasons in Poland in selected areas. The aim of the study was to present the long-term variability of the start, end and duration of grass pollen seasons and the seasonal pollen index (SPI) in Poland against a background of the meteorological conditions over pollen seasons. The study was performed in eight Polish cities in 1992–2014 (the common seasons were 2003–2012). Pollen season start was relatively stable in the studied period, the seasons began about the 10th of May, a bit earlier in the south part of Poland. Pollen season ends were more changeable in comparison to the season start and fluctuated from the middle of July to the middle of September. SPI clearly depended on temperature and precipitation in April–August. Daily maximum pollen concentrations were achieved between the end of May and the first decade of July and no evident relationship between this day and weather conditions was found, apart from 2004.

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