Paleobotany collections: fossil woods available at the Bandung Geological Museum

Abstract Indonesia is a country which has plants species diversity. The form of ancient plants that grew in the past are recorded as fossil woods. Several fossil woods from regions in Indonesia were collected and became exhibition collections at the Bandung Geological Museum. These fossil woods on display requires biology identity to provide more information to visitors. Identification of species of fossil woods were carried out based on the anatomical features on the smoothed cross-section. Observations were carried out by a loop hand (a magnification of 10 times and a digital loop (with a magnification of 16 times). The fossil woods anatomy features observed included vessel cells, parenchyma cells, rays cells, and the presence of resin channels. The fossil specimen which had unclear anatomy features compared by detailed description of wood anatomy available at the library and collections of wood samples owned by the Xylarium Bogoriense. The fossil woods species are Canarioxylon sp., Terminalioxylon sp., Anisopteroxylon sp., Dipterocarpoxylon sp., Dryobalanoxylon sp., Hopenium/Hopeoxylon sp., Shoreoxylon sp., Kompassioxylon sp., and Xanthophyllum sp. The mostly fossil woods species resvectively belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae, Combretaceae, Polygalaceae, Burseraceae, and Leguminosae. The fossil woods member of Dipterocarpaceae family are conspicuously characterized with the presence of resin canals.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF WOLLEMI PINE (WOLLEMIA NOBILIS, ARAUCARIACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000309 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 339-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R.D. Heady ◽

J.G. Banks ◽

P.D. Evans

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Juvenile Wood ◽

Growth Ring ◽

Dry Density ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Bordered Pits ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Helical Thickenings ◽

Resin Canals ◽

First Time

The wood anatomy of the recently-discovered conifer Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine) is described for the first time. Its mature heartwood is light brown in colour and has an air dry density of 0.57 g /cm3. Growth ring boundaries are distinct and the transition from earlywood to latewood is gradual. Average tracheid length is ~ 3.4 mm. Bordered pits are one-, two- or three-seriate and the double and triple rows of pits are ‘alternate’. In the bordered pits there is a flat transition from torus to margo. A warty layer lines tracheid walls and pit cavity surfaces. Resin plugs are common in tracheids that are adjacent to rays. Helical thickenings and crassulae are absent. Rays are uniseriate, low, and are composed entirely of parenchyma cells whose walls are thin and unpitted. Cross-field pitting is ‘araucaroid’ and the number of pits per cross-field ranges from 3–11 (av. 7). Resin canals and axial parenchyma cells are absent. The differences between normal mature wood compared to compression and juvenile wood are consistent with those of most other conifer genera. The anatomical features of wood of W. nobilis strongly support its classification as a member of the Araucariaceae, but show no major differences that distinguish it as a monotypic genus. On the basis of its wood anatomy, it is not possible to state whether W. nobilis is more closely related to Agathis or to Araucaria.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF MYRCIARIA, NEOMITRANTHES, PLINIA AND SIPHONEUGENA SPECIES (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000026 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 313-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gabriel U.C.A. Santos ◽

Cátia H. Callado ◽

Marcelo da Costa Souza ◽

Cecilia G. Costa

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Bordered Pits ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Square Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Fruit Characters

Myrciaria, Neomitranthes, Plinia and Siphoneugena are closely related genera whose circumscriptions are controversial. The distinctions between Myrciaria vs. Plinia, and Neomitranthes vs. Siphoneugena, have been based on a few fruit characters. The wood anatomy of 24 species of these genera was examined to determine if wood anatomical features could help delimit the genera. It was determined the four genera cannot reliably be separated by wood anatomy alone. Characteristics seen in all four genera are: growth rings usually poorly-defined; diffuse porous; exclusively solitary vessels, usually circular to oval in outline; simple perforation plates; vessel-ray pits alternate and distinctly bordered; fibers with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls, usually very thickwalled; vasicentric tracheids typically absent; scanty paratracheal parenchyma, sometimes unilateral, and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates; chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma in many species, usually both prismatic and smaller crystals; rays 1–4-seriate, uniseriate rays composed of upright/square cells, multiseriate rays with procumbent body cells and 1 to many marginal rows of upright/square cells; disjunctive ray parenchyma cells usually present.

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REEXAMINATION OF WOOD ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN PINUS KREMPFII (PINACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000382 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 355-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Stefanie M. Ickert-Bond

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Mature Wood ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Tangential Wall ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Thin Walled ◽

Resin Canals ◽

Made In

Wood anatomy of Pinus krempfii Lecomte, a pine endemic to Vietnam, is described using twig and mature wood collections made in 1995. Characteristics of Pinus krempfii wood include axial and radial resin canals with 6–8 thin-walled epithelial cells; latewood tracheids with tangential wall pitting; lignified ray parenchyma with 2–5 pinoid pits per cross-field; and few to no ray tracheids. Longitudinal tracheid diameter and ray height are smaller in the twig wood than in the mature wood. These features, especially the near absence of ray tracheids, suggest a relationship with Pinus subgenus Strobus section Parrya subsection Balfourianae, which includes P. aristata Engelm. and P. longaeva D. Bailey.

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Wood Anatomy Of The Genus Abies A Review

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000217 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 231-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luis García Esteban ◽

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Francisco García Fernández ◽

Ruth Moreno

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Single Cells ◽

The Other ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Resin Canals

The literature on the wood anatomy of the genus Abies is reviewed and discussed, and complemented with a detailed study of 33 species, 1 subspecies and 4 varieties. In general, the species studied do not show diagnostic interspecific differences, although it is possible to establish differences between groups of species using certain quantitative and qualitative features.The marginal axial parenchyma consisting of single cells and the ray parenchyma cells with distinctly pitted horizontal walls, nodular end walls and presence of indentures are constant for the genus, although these features also occur in the other genera of the Abietoideae. The absence of ray tracheids in Abies can be used to distinguish it from Cedrus and Tsuga, and the irregularly shaped parenchymatous marginal ray cells are only shared with Cedrus. The absence of resin canals enables Abies to be distinguished from very closely related genera such as Keteleeria and Nothotsuga. The crystals in the ray cells, taxodioid cross-field pitting and the warty layer in the tracheids can be regarded as diagnostic generic features.

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Anatomical Changes on Charring Six African Hardwoods

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000579 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 77-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Juliet Prior ◽

Peter Gasson

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Ecological Wood Anatomy ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Anatomical Changes ◽

Quantitative Characters ◽

The Family ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Quantitative Changes

Charcoal often retains sufficient qualitative anatomical features for the family and genus of the wood to be identified. During the charring process however, considerable and sometimes unexpected changes in quantitative characters occur, which are of particular importance to species identification and ecological wood anatomy. Comparative measurements were made using charred and uncharred trunkwood from six common southern African savanna trees. SampIes were charred for 30 minutes at either 400 or 700°C. Charcoal yield and significant quantitative changes in vessel diameter and ray cells are related both to wood anatomy and to the process of combustion. Differences observed on charring were most closely correlated with the nature and quantity of the fibres. Axial parenchyma cells expanded after charring at both temperatures.

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Comparative Wood Anatomy in Pinaceae with Reference to Its Systematic Position

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12121706 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1706

Author(s):

Luis García Esteban ◽

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Alberto García-Iruela ◽

Francisco García-Fernández ◽

Lydia García-Esteban ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Systematic Position ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

The Family ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Resin Canals ◽

Comparative Wood Anatomy

The wood anatomy of 132 species of the genera Abies, Cathaya, Cedrus, Keteleeria, Larix, Nothotsuga, Picea, Pinus, Pseudolarix, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga was studied to determine the elements that characterise the xylem of each genus and discuss possible groupings by wood anatomy for comparison with clades established by molecular phylogeny. The presence of resin canals and ray tracheids supports the family Pinaceae, although the absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and their occasional presence in Abies and Pseudolarix weakens it. Based on wood structure, Pinaceae clearly supports division into two groups, coinciding with molecular phylogeny: Pinoideae (Cathaya-Larix-Picea-Pinus-Pseudotsuga) and Abietoideae (Abies-Cedrus-Keteleeria-Nothotsuga-Pseudolarix-Tsuga). Although differences between genera are slight in Pinoideae, the Abietoideae group presents problems such as the presence of only axial resin canals in Keteleeria and Nothotsuga, absence of ray tracheids in Keteleeria and presence of traumatic radial resin canals in Cedrus. However, other features such as pitted horizontal walls and nodular end walls of ray parenchyma cells, indentures, scarce marginal axial parenchyma and presence of crystals in ray parenchyma strengthen the Abietoideae group.

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Mitochondrial Reconstructions Based on Serial Thick Sections and HVEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100115055 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 286-287

Author(s):

Jerome J. Paulin

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Posterior Pole ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Stereo Imaging ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

The Past ◽

Cellular Components ◽

Mitochondrial Reticulum

Within the past decade it has become apparent that HVEM offers the biologist a means to explore the three-dimensional structure of cells and/or organelles. Stereo-imaging of thick sections (e.g. 0.25-10 μm) not only reveals anatomical features of cellular components, but also reduces errors of interpretation associated with overlap of structures seen in thick sections. Concomitant with stereo-imaging techniques conventional serial Sectioning methods developed with thin sections have been adopted to serial thick sections (≥ 0.25 μm). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the chondriome of several species of trypanosomatid flagellates have been made from tracings of mitochondrial profiles on cellulose acetate sheets. The sheets are flooded with acetone, gluing them together, and the model sawed from the composite and redrawn.The extensive mitochondrial reticulum can be seen in consecutive thick sections of (0.25 μm thick) Crithidia fasciculata (Figs. 1-2). Profiles of the mitochondrion are distinguishable from the anterior apex of the cell (small arrow, Fig. 1) to the posterior pole (small arrow, Fig. 2).

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Characterization of chia plant (Salvia hispanica) for pulping

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj19.10.511 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 511-524

Author(s):

TASLIMA FERDOUS ◽

M.A. QUAIYYUM ◽

KAZI M. YASIN ARAFAT ◽

M. SARWAR JAHAN

Keyword(s):

Kappa Number ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Alkaline Peroxide ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Flexibility Coefficient ◽

Anatomical Properties ◽

Peroxyformic Acid ◽

Syringyl To Guaiacyl Ratio

In this paper, chia plant was characterized in terms of chemical, morphological, and anatomical properties. Chia plant was characterized with low α-cellulose (30.5%); moderate lignin (23.2%) with syringyl to guaiacyl ratio of 1.41; and shorter fiber length (0.67 mm) with thinner cell wall (1.91 μm) and good flexibility coefficient (71.44). Anatomical features showed that chia plant consists of vessels, fibers, parenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells. Chia plant pulping was evaluated in soda-anthraquinone (soda-AQ) and formic acid/peroxyformic acid (FA/PFA) processes. Chia plant was difficult to delignify in the alkaline process. The FA/PFA process produced higher pulp yield at the same kappa number than the soda-AQ process. Unbleached soda-AQ chia pulp exhibited good proper-ties in terms of tensile, bursting, and tearing strengths, even at the unrefined stage, due to high drainability of the pulps. Alkaline peroxide bleached FA/PFA pulp exhibited better papermaking properties and 2% higher brightness than the D0(EP)D1 bleached soda-AQ pulp.

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Significance of Wood Anatomical Features to the Taxonomy of Five Cola Species

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v1n2p21 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Akinloye A. J. ◽

Illoh H. C. ◽

Olagoke O. A.

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Font Size ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Xylem Fibre ◽

Cola Nitida ◽

Cola Acuminata

Wood anatomy of five Cola species was investigated to identify and describe anatomical features in search of distinctive characters that could possibly be used in the resolution of their taxonomy. Transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections and macerated samples were prepared into microscopic slides. Characteristic similarity and disparity in the tissues arrangement as well as cell inclusions were noted for description and delimitation. All the five Cola species studied had essentially the same anatomical features, but the difficulty posed by the identification of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida when not in fruit could be resolved using anatomical features. Cola acuminata have extensive fibre and numerous crystals relative to Cola nitida, while Cola hispida and Cola millenii are the only species having monohydric crystals. Cola gigantica is the only species that have few xylem fibres while other species have extensive xylem fibre. These features have proved very functional and strongly of diagnostic value in the classification and delimitation of the studied Cola species.

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Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000166 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 17-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pat Denne ◽

Peter Gasson

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Larix Decidua ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

And Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.

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