Effect of calcium chloride concentration on output force in electrical actuator made of sodium alginate gel

Essential grapefruit oil with high concentrations of limonene is used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to its antimicrobial properties, fragrance, and flavor. To facilitate its manipulation and protect it from adverse environmental factors, the microencapsulation is used. The objective of this work was to optimize the microencapsulation process of grapefruit oil using external ionic gelation coupled to extrusion with sodium alginate and calcium chloride. We achieved the best encapsulation conditions with calcium chloride concentration at 7.4% w/v and a crosslinking time of 58 minutes, obtaining a yield of 62% and an efficiency of 100% with an oil loading capacity of 10% w/w. The chemical adsorption of calcium as well during the crosslinking process was studied, observing a significant fit with the Elovich equation. And an adjustment of the controlled release of the oil was obtained to the empirical kinetic model of Korsmeyer and Peppas.

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Evaluation of Alginate-Starch Polymers for Preparation of Enzyme Microcapsules

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.2202/1556-3758.1109 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kasipathy Kailasapathy ◽

Chaminda Perera ◽

Michael Phillips

Keyword(s):

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Chloride Solution ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Calcium Chloride Solution ◽

Filler Material ◽

Enzyme Release ◽

Alginate Solution

Flavourzyme® (a protease-peptidase complex) was microencapsulated with sodium alginate and Hi-MaizeTM starch in varying concentrations and proportions for maximising encapsulation efficiency (EE). Seventy two percent EE was achieved for immobilising Flavourzyme® using 1.8% (w/v) sodium alginate and 1% Hi-Maize[TM] starch with 30 min hardening of capsules in 0.1M calcium chloride solution. Hi-MaizeTM starch as a filler material improved EE and reduced the enzyme release during capsular hardening in calcium chloride solution. Increasing the concentration of sodium alginate solution (1.2 to 1.8 %, w/v) and calcium chloride concentration (0.05M to 1.0M) increased the EE. The optimum hardening time for the microcapsules in calcium chloride solution was 30 min. Shrinkage of microcapsules during hardening in calcium chloride was less with higher concentration of alginate. More spherical capsules were produced with up to 1.8% (w/v) sodium alginate and 1% Hi-MaizeTM starch solutions.

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Fabrication of 3D Cell Supporting Structures With Multi-Materials Using the Bio-Printer

ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference ◽

10.1115/msec2007-31064 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yuichi Nishiyama ◽

Makoto Nakamura ◽

Chizuka Henmi ◽

Kumiko Yamaguchi ◽

Shuichi Mochizuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Chloride Solution ◽

Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Calcium Chloride Solution ◽

Present System ◽

Alginate Solution ◽

Alginate Gel ◽

Supporting Structures

We produced three-dimensional (3-D) cell supporting structures for use in engineering regenerative living tissue. The structures were formed by alginate gel, a type of hydro-gel, and our originally developed printer, termed a 3-D bio-printer. A droplet ejected from an inkjet printer nozzle has the same size as several cells. Thus, we considered that such a printer nozzle would be able to eject cultured living cells, along with growth factor, protein, and other materials. If a 3-D gel structure could be formed with such cells, and the materials and cells self-assembled, a variety of living tissues could be obtained. In this report, our 3-D bio-printer and the method of fabrication of multiple material gel structures is presented. Our 3-D bio-printer has a printing mechanism that operates in 3 directions with a positioning resolution of 0.5 micrometers, which is adequate for precise positioning of the ejected cells. Further, a piezoelectric inkjet nozzle head that does not became heated during operation is used and cells can be ejected without heating. The head has 4 nozzles and is able to eject 4 different kinds of materials simultaneously. We used a sodium alginate solution and ejected it from the inkjet nozzle into a calcium chloride solution as a substrate, thus alginate gel beads were obtained. Several types of gel structures could be constructed by distributing the beads precisely and the resolution of the gel structures was as small as the size of an individual bead, about 10–60 μm in diameter. By continuous operation of the inkjet nozzle, gel lines were able to be formed. The substrate was a 10% calcium chloride solution on a slide glass and the ejected-droplets contained a 0.8% sodium alginate solution. In addition, gel sheets were formed by parallel gel lines. In that case, a 10% calcium chloride solution was also used as the substrate. It is possible that such 3-D gel sheet structures could be constructed by lamination in a high viscosity substrate. We also formed gel rings, which were stacked and allowed to sink into the substrate, thus obtaining gel tubes. By utilizing gel tubes with inner and outer walls formed using different types of gels with vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, blood vessel structures could be fabricated with the present system.

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Amylase Production by Aspergillus niger immobilized in Microporous Calcium Alginate Gel Beads

ROMANIAN BIOTECHNOLOGICAL LETTERS ◽

10.25083/rbl/26.4/2825-2833 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 2825-2833

Author(s):

UCHENNA OYEAGU ◽

CHARLES NWUCHE ◽

CHRISTIAN OGBONNA ◽

JAMES OGBONNA

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Calcium Alginate ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Alpha Amylase ◽

Alginate Gel ◽

Gel Beads ◽

Amylase Production ◽

Calcium Alginate Gel ◽

Bead Diameter

Microporous calcium alginate gel beads were investigated as potential solutions to mass transfer limitations in immobilized cultures. The beads were prepared by gelling mixtures of sodium alginate and fillers (starch or granulated sugars) in calcium chloride solution. The resulting beads were cured in the same solution, during which the fillers leached out of the beads thereby creating micro-pores in the beads (microporous beads). The effectiveness of the microporous beads in improving amylase production by Aspergillus niger LC 269109 was investigated. Spores of A. niger were immobilized in the microporous beads and used for batch alpha amylase and gluco amylase production. Amylase production by the A. niger immobilized in the microporous beads were significantly higher (p<0.01) than the values obtained with the conventional calcium alginate gel beads. Under all the conditions investigated, gluco-amylase activities were significantly (p<0.01) higher than the alpha-amylase activities. Under the optimum conditions of inoculum concentration (1.0 × 105 spores/ml), pH (6), temperature (35°C), bead diameter (3 mm) and calcium chloride concentration (1.5%), the gluco-amylase and alpha amylase activities were 11.98 U/ml and 6.7 U/ml respectively, which were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the 7.8 U/ml and 3.2 U/ml obtained with the conventional gel beads.

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Effects of Process Variables on Size of Chitosan-Alginate Capsules through Extrusion-Dripping Method

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 925 ◽

pp. 8-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gim Pao Lim ◽

Hui Yen Ong ◽

Boon Beng Lee ◽

Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad ◽

Harbant Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Concentration Ratio ◽

Inner Core ◽

Gelation Time ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Membrane Thickness ◽

Process Variables ◽

Alginate Capsules ◽

Alginate Concentration

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of process variables on size of chitosan-alginate capsules produced through extrusion-dripping method. Chitosan-calcium chloride solution was extruded into sodium alginate to form chitosan-alginate capsules which have a defined inner core and membrane. The results showed that sodium alginate concentration, chitosan concentration, chitosan to calcium chloride concentration ratio, needle diameter, gelation time have significant effect on the diameter and membrane thickness of chitosan-alginate capsules. Under the tested condition, chitosan-alginate capsules with diameter in a range of 3.4 mm to 4.5 mm were produced. The membrane thickness of the capsules increased when the curing time increased from 5 min to 60 min. As the concentration of sodium alginate (0.3-0.9 %w/v) and chitosan (0.4-1.0 %w/v) increased, the diameter of the chitosan-alginate capsules increased. The diameter of chitosan-alginate capsules increased with decreasing the chitosan to calcium chloride concentration ratio (1:0.5-1:1.5).

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Alginate-pomegranate peels' polyphenols beads: effects of formulation parameters on loading efficiency

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502014000400009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 741-748 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Wissam Zam ◽

Ghada Bashour ◽

Wassim Abdelwahed ◽

Warid Khayata

Keyword(s):

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Calcium Alginate ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Alginate Beads ◽

Food Supplementation ◽

Calcium Alginate Beads ◽

Loading Efficiency ◽

Alginate Concentration

Calcium alginate beads containing pomegranate peels' polyphenol extract were encapsulated by ionic gelation method. The effects of various formulation factors (sodium alginate concentration, calcium chloride concentration, calcium chloride exposure time, gelling bath time maintaining, and extract concentration) on the efficiency of extract loading were investigated. The formulation containing an extract of 1 g pomegranate peels in 100 mL distilled water encapsulated with 3 % of sodium alginate cured in 0.05 M calcium chloride for 20 minutes and kept in a gelling bath for 15 minutes was chosen as the best formula regarding the loading efficiency. These optimized conditions allowed the encapsulation of 43.90% of total extracted polyphenols and 46.34 % of total extracted proanthocyanidins. Microencapsulation of pomegranate peels' extract in calcium alginate beads is a promising technique for pharmaceutical and food supplementation with natural antioxidants.

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Optimasi Pembuatan Mikrokapsul Kalsium-Alginat-EDTA Sebagai Adsorben Untuk Logam Kadmium

JURNAL PIJAR MIPA ◽

10.29303/jpm.v15i4.1894 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 384

Author(s):

Sani Widyastuti Pratiwi ◽

Ayu Triastuti ◽

Ratna Nurmalasari ◽

Inggis Pinarti

Keyword(s):

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Functional Groups ◽

Calcium Alginate ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Wave Number ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Retention Capacity ◽

Alginate Concentration ◽

Cadmium Metal

Cadmium was one of the metals classified in the type of nonessential heavy metal that classified as carcinogenic and is one of the pollutants in the environment, especially water. The content of cadmium in water tends to have very low levels, so certain techniques are needed to determine the level of pre concentration. In the pre concentration technique adsorbents were needed which could absorb cadmium, one of which is calcium-alginate microcapsule modified with EDTA. Calcium-alginate was modified with EDTA to increase the ability of the microcapsule to absorb cadmium metal. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for making Calcium-alginate-EDTA microcapsule in adsorbing cadmium. The stages of this research were optimization of Calcium-alginate-EDTA resin with variable in the form of Calcium chloride concentration (0.05 M; 0.1 M; 0.5 M; 1 M; and 2 M), EDTA mass (0.50 g ; 0.75 g; 1 g; 2 g and 2.5 g) and the concentration of sodium-alginate (0.5%; 1%, 1.5%; 2%, and 3%); Characterization of microcapsule functional groups by infrared spectrophotometry and determination of the retention capacity of Calcium-Alginate-EDTA microcapsule for cadmium absorption by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of infrared characterization showed a change in transmittance in the functional groups C-O dan C-N that occurred in the microcapsule after binding to cadmium metal at wave number 1436.97 cm-1. The optimum conditions for making Calcium-alginate-EDTA resins were in conditions of 0.1 M Calcium chloride concentration, 1% sodium-alginate concentration and EDTA mass 0.75 g EDTA with retention capacity of Cd was 0.0301 mg/g.

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Conservation, Regeneration and Genetic Stability of Regenerants from Alginate-Encapsulated Shoot Explants of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13101666 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1666

Author(s):

Stefanos Hatzilazarou ◽

Stefanos Kostas ◽

Theodora Nendou ◽

Athanasios Economou

Keyword(s):

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Genetic Stability ◽

Nutrient Medium ◽

Shoot Tips ◽

Mother Plant ◽

Short Term ◽

Alginate Encapsulation ◽

Gardenia Jasminoides ◽

Regeneration Response

The present study demonstrates the potential of the alginate encapsulation of shoot tips and nodal segments of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, the short-term cold storage of artificial seeds and subsequent successful conversion to desirable, uniform and genetically stable plantlets. Shoot tips and first-node segments below them, derived from shoots of in vitro cultures, responded better than second-to-fourth-node segments on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium and thus, they were used as explants for alginate encapsulation. Explant encapsulation in 2.5% sodium alginate in combination with 50 mM of calcium chloride resulted in the production of soft beads, while hardening in 100 mM of calcium chloride formed firm beads of uniform globular shape, suitable for handling. The addition of liquid MS nutrient medium in the sodium alginate solution doubled the subsequent germination response of the beads. The maintenance of alginate beads under light favored their germination response compared to maintenance in darkness. Encapsulated shoot tip explants of gardenia, which were stored at 4 °C for 4, 8 or 12 weeks, showed a gradual decline in their regeneration response (73.3, 68.9, 53.3%, respectively), whereas, non-encapsulated explants (naked), stored under the same time durations of cold conditions, exhibited a sharp decline in regeneration response up to entirely zeroing (48.9, 11.1, 0.0%, respectively). Shoots, derived from 12-week cold-stored encapsulated explants, were easily rooted in solid MS nutrient medium with the addition of 0.5 μM of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and after transplantation of the rooted plantlets individually to pots containing a peat–perlite (3:1, v/v) substrate, they were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse under the gradual reduction of 75 or 50% shading with survival rates of 95–100%. The genetic stability of the acclimatized plantlets was assessed and compared with the mother plant using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ISSR analysis confirmed that all regenerated plantlets were genetically identical to the mother plant. This procedure of artificial seed production could be useful for the short-term storage of germplasm and the production of genetically identical and stable plants as an alternative method of micropropagation in Gardenia jasminoides.

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Porous bioceramic bead prepared by calcium phosphate with sodium alginate gel and PE powder

Materials Science and Engineering C ◽

10.1016/j.msec.2007.09.001 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 1149-1158 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Y.C. Fu ◽

M.L. Ho ◽

S.C. Wu ◽

H.S. Hsieh ◽

C.K. Wang

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Alginate Gel ◽

Porous Bioceramic

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Preparation and properties of wet-spun microcomposite filaments from cellulose nanocrystals and alginate using a microfluidic device

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.3.5780-5793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 5780-5793

Author(s):

Ji-Soo Park ◽

Chan-Woo Park ◽

Song-Yi Han ◽

Eun-Ah Lee ◽

Azelia Wulan Cindradewi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Properties ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Microfluidic Device ◽

Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Coagulation Bath ◽

Al Content ◽

Orientation Index ◽

Cacl2 Solution

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were wet-spun in a coagulation bath for the fabrication of microfilaments, and the effect of sodium alginate (AL) addition on the wet-spinnability and properties of the microcomposite filament was investigated. The CNC suspension exhibited excellent wet-spinnability in calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution, and the addition of AL in CNC suspension resulted in the enhancement of the wet-spinnability of CNCs. As the AL content increased from 3% to 10%, the average diameter of the microcomposite filament decreased, and its tensile properties deteriorated. The increased spinning rate caused an increase in the orientation index of CNCs, resulting in an improvement in the tensile properties of the microcomposite filament.

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