scholarly journals The rationality of PM2.5 monitoring sites’ locations based on exposure level across eastern China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Yan ◽  
Guangming Shi ◽  
Fumo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration ◽  
Monitoring Stations

Abstract Due to the heterogeneity of PM2.5 and population distribution, the representativeness of existing monitoring sites is questionable when the monitored data were used to assess the population exposure. By comparing the PM2.5 concentration from a satellite-based dataset named the China High Air Pollutants (CHAP), population and exposure level in urban areas with monitoring stations (UWS) and without monitoring stations (UNS), we discussed the rationality of the current spatial coverage of monitoring stations in eastern China. Through an analysis of air pollution in all urban areas of 256 prefectural-level municipalities in eastern China, we found that the average PM2.5 concentration in UNS in 2015 and 2018 were 52.26 μg/m3 and 41.32 μg/m3, respectively, which were slightly lower than that in UWS (52.98 μg/m3 and 41.48 μg/m3). About 12.1% of the prefectural-level municipalities had higher exposure levels in certain UNS than those in UWS. With the faster growth of UNS population, the gap between exposure levels of UNS and UWS were narrowing. Hence, currently prevalent administration-based principle of site location selection might have higher risk of missing the non-capital urban areas with relatively higher PM2.5 exposure level in the future.

scholarly journals Difference in PM2.5 Variations between Urban and Rural Areas over Eastern China from 2001 to 2015

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lin ◽  
Alexis Lau ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jimmy Fung ◽  
Chengcai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Spatial Difference ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

To more effectively reduce population exposure to PM2.5, control efforts should target densely populated urban areas. In this study, we took advantage of satellite-derived PM2.5 data to assess the difference in PM2.5 variations between urban and rural areas over eastern China during the past three Five-Year Plan (FYP) periods (2001–2015). The results show that urban areas experienced less of a decline in PM2.5 concentration than rural areas did in more than half of the provinces during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010). In contrast, most provinces experienced a greater reduction of PM2.5 concentration in urban areas than in rural areas during the 10th and 12th FYP periods (2001–2005 and 2011–2015, respectively). During the recent 12th FYP period, the rates of decline in PM2.5 concentration in urban areas were more substantial than in rural areas by as much as 1.5 μg·m−3·year−1 in Beijing and 2.0 μg·m−3·year−1 in Tianjin. These results suggest that the spatial difference in PM2.5 change was conducive to a reduction in the population exposure to PM2.5 in most provinces during recent years.

scholarly journals Decomposing the Long-term Variation in Population Exposure to Outdoor PM2.5 in the Greater Bay Area of China Using Satellite Observations

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 2646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lin ◽  
Alexis K. H. Lau ◽  
Jimmy C. H. Fung ◽  
Qianshan He ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

The Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China is experiencing a high level of exposure to outdoor PM2.5 pollution. The variations in the exposure level are determined by spatiotemporal variations in the PM2.5 concentration and population. To better guide public policies that aim to reduce the population exposure level, it is essential to explicitly decompose and assess the impacts of different factors. This study took advantage of high-resolution satellite observations to characterize the long-term variations in population exposure to outdoor PM2.5 for cities in the GBA region during the three most-recent Five-Year Plan (FYP) periods (2001–2015). A new decomposition method was then used to assess the impact of PM2.5 variations and demographic changes on the exposure variation. Within the decomposition framework, an index of pollution-population-coincidence–induced PM2.5 exposure (PPCE) was introduced to characterize the interaction of PM2.5 and the population distribution. The results showed that the 15-year average PPCE levels in all cities were positive (e.g., 6 µg/m3 in Guangzhou), suggesting that unfavorable city planning had led to people dwelling in polluted areas. An analyses of the spatial differences in PM2.5 changes showed that urban areas experienced a greater decrease in PM2.5 concentration than did rural areas in most cities during the 11th (2006–2010) and 12th (2011–2015) FYP periods. These spatial differences in PM2.5 changes reduced the PPCE levels of these cities and thus reduced the exposure levels (by as much as -0.58 µg/m3/year). The population migration resulting from rapid urbanization, however, increased the PPCE and exposure levels (by as much as 0.18 µg/m3/year) in most cities during the three FYP periods considered. Dongguan was a special case in that the demographic change reduced the exposure level because of its rapid development of residential areas in cleaner regions adjacent to Shenzhen. The exposure levels in all cities remained high because of the high mean PM2.5 concentrations and their positive PPCE. To better protect public health, control efforts should target densely populated areas and city planning should locate more people in cleaner areas.

scholarly journals Assessing Effect of Targeting Reduction of PM2.5 Concentration on Human Exposure and Health Burden in Hong Kong Using Satellite Observation

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lin ◽  
Alexis Lau ◽  
Xingcheng Lu ◽  
Jimmy Fung ◽  
Zhiyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Targeting reduction of PM2.5 concentration lessens population exposure level and health burden more effectively than uniform reduction does. Quantitative assessment of effect of the targeting reduction is limited because of the lack of spatially explicit PM2.5 data. This study aimed to investigate extent of exposure and health benefits resulting from the targeting reduction of PM2.5 concentration. We took advantage of satellite observations to characterize spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration at a resolution of 1 km. Using Hong Kong of China as the study region (804 satellite’s pixels covering its residential areas), human exposure level (cρ) and premature mortality attributable to PM2.5 (Mort) for 2015 were estimated to be 25.9 μg/m3 and 4112 people per year, respectively. We then performed 804 diagnostic tests that reduced PM2.5 concentrations by −1 μg/m3 in different areas and a reference test that uniformly spread the −1 μg/m3. We used a benefit rate from targeting reduction (BRT), which represented a ratio of declines in cρ (or Mort) with and without the targeting reduction, to quantify the extent of benefits. The diagnostic tests estimated the BRT levels for both human exposure and premature mortality to be 4.3 over Hong Kong. It indicates that the declines in human exposure and premature mortality quadrupled with a targeting reduction of PM2.5 concentration over Hong Kong. The BRT values for districts of Hong Kong could be as high as 5.6 and they were positively correlated to their spatial variabilities in population density. Our results underscore the substantial exposure and health benefits from the targeting reduction of PM2.5 concentration. To better protect public health in Hong Kong, super-regional and regional cooperation are essential. Meanwhile, local environmental policy is suggested to aim at reducing anthropogenic emissions from mobile and area (e.g., residential) sources in central and northwestern areas.

scholarly journals Mapping Suburbs Based on Spatial Interactions and Effect Analysis on Ecological Landscape Change: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province from 1998 to 2018, Eastern China

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasi Tian
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Landscape Planning ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Interaction Strength ◽  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Landscape Pattern Metrics ◽  
Ecological Landscape

As the transitional area between urban and rural areas, land-use change in suburbs is drastic, which generates negative effects on the ecological environment. However, the identification of the suburbs remains controversial. Usually, the density of the population and residential land is referenced, and the close spatial interactions between urban areas and suburbs are generally neglected. To fill this research gap, this study adopts a case study method to map the suburbs of Jiangsu based on estimating the spatial interactions. First, a regression model is built to estimate the population distribution. Second, a radiation model is utilized to evaluate the spatial interaction at a grid level. After the main urban area is identified based on the high density of the population and construction land, the interaction strength between the main urban grid and other grid areas is calculated, and the grids that share high values of interaction strength with urban grids are identified as suburban areas. Finally, the suburbs of Jiangsu in 1998 and 2018 are mapped, and the ecological landscape pattern metrics are used to verify the effects of suburban expansion. As a result, the suburban expansion of Jiangsu over the 20 years was significant, and the effects of suburban expansion on ecological land fragmentation were evident. On the basis of the results, the enlightenment of mapping suburbs on ecological landscape planning is discussed.

scholarly journals Modeling Spatiotemporal Population Changes by Integrating DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data in Chongqing, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Dan Lu ◽  
Yahui Wang ◽  
Qingyuan Yang ◽  
Kangchuan Su ◽  
Haozhe Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Spatial Optimization ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Mean Relative Error ◽  
Nighttime Light

The sustained growth of non-farm wages has led to large-scale migration of rural population to cities in China, especially in mountainous areas. It is of great significance to study the spatial and temporal pattern of population migration mentioned above for guiding population spatial optimization and the effective supply of public services in the mountainous areas. Here, we determined the spatiotemporal evolution of population in the Chongqing municipality of China from 2000–2018 by employing multi-period spatial distribution data, including nighttime light (NTL) data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS). There was a power function relationship between the two datasets at the pixel scale, with a mean relative error of NTL integration of 8.19%, 4.78% less than achieved by a previous study at the provincial scale. The spatial simulations of population distribution achieved a mean relative error of 26.98%, improved the simulation accuracy for mountainous population by nearly 20% and confirmed the feasibility of this method in Chongqing. During the study period, the spatial distribution of Chongqing’s population has increased in the west and decreased in the east, while also increased in low-altitude areas and decreased in medium-high altitude areas. Population agglomeration was common in all of districts and counties and the population density of central urban areas and its surrounding areas significantly increased, while that of non-urban areas such as northeast Chongqing significantly decreased.

scholarly journals Constraints on innovation in English language teaching in hinterland regions of China

2020 ◽  
pp. 136216882097985
Author(s):  
Neil Murray ◽  
Antony J. Liddicoat ◽  
Gavin Zhen ◽  
Penny Mosavian
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
English Language ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Chinese Government

Since the start of the twenty-first century, English has come to be seen by the Chinese government as a linchpin of its continued economic and political influence. Its resultant efforts to promote innovation in English language teaching align with the aspirations of a population, many of whom regard competency in English as a determiner of opportunity and success in their careers, and thus a vehicle through which to provide a good quality of life for themselves and their families. However, despite government-driven initiatives to improve English language education, change has been slow to materialize, especially outside of the main urban areas of Eastern China. Here, we report on a study that sought to explore the constraints governing attempts by teachers of English to innovate in universities located in some of the so-called ‘hinterland’ regions of Southwestern China. Key determinants that emerged, and which we discuss, included time pressure and competing priorities; scepticism towards new ideas; lack of investment in resources; the primacy of the textbook; students’ language proficiency; and opportunities for professional development. Together, these findings indicate the need for a change of culture if innovation is to be welcomed, both in principle and in practice, as a driver of positive change in the teaching of English in these universities. Teachers, their line managers, and university senior managers need to feel willing and able to engage freely in constructive and informed discourse, and in doing so consider recalibrating institutional priorities, thereby helping reconcile the pressures and tensions currently experienced by English language teachers and which impede progress.

scholarly journals A Disease Control-Oriented Land Cover Land Use Map for Myanmar

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Dong Chen ◽  
Varada Shevade ◽  
Allison Baer ◽  
Jiaying He ◽  
Amanda Hoffman-Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
The Public ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Do So ◽  
Control And Eradication

Malaria is a serious infectious disease that leads to massive casualties globally. Myanmar is a key battleground for the global fight against malaria because it is where the emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites has been documented. Controlling the spread of malaria in Myanmar thus carries global significance, because the failure to do so would lead to devastating consequences in vast areas where malaria is prevalent in tropical/subtropical regions around the world. Thanks to its wide and consistent spatial coverage, remote sensing has become increasingly used in the public health domain. Specifically, remote sensing-based land cover/land use (LCLU) maps present a powerful tool that provides critical information on population distribution and on the potential human-vector interactions interfaces on a large spatial scale. Here, we present a 30-meter LCLU map that was created specifically for the malaria control and eradication efforts in Myanmar. This bottom-up approach can be modified and customized to other vector-borne infectious diseases in Myanmar or other Southeastern Asian countries.

scholarly journals Repeated Noise Exposure Does Not Reach Hazardous Levels During Total Joint Arthroplasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (9-10) ◽  
pp. e1551-e1555
Author(s):  
Sean E Slaven ◽  
Benjamin M Wheatley ◽  
Daniel L Christensen ◽  
Sameer K Saxena ◽  
Robert J McGill
Keyword(s):  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Time Weighted Average ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Occupational Standards ◽  
Level Meter

Abstract Introduction Noise exposure is an occupational health concern for certain professions, especially military servicemembers and those using power tools on a regular basis. The purpose of this study was to quantify noise exposure during total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) cases compared to the recommended standard for occupational noise exposure. Materials and Methods A sound level meter was used to record cumulative and peak noise exposure levels in 10 primary THA and 10 primary TKA surgeries, as well as 10 arthroscopy cases as controls. Measurements at the distance of the surgeon were taken in all cases. In TKA cases, measurements were taken at 3 feet and 8 feet from the surgeon, to simulate the position of the anesthetist and circulating nurse, respectively. Results Time-weighted average was significantly higher in THA (64.7 ± 5.2 dB) and TKA (64.5 ± 6.8 dB) as compared to arthroscopic cases (51.1 ± 7.5 dB, P < 0.001) and higher at the distance of the surgeon (64.5 ± 6.8 dB) compared to the anesthetist (52.9 ± 3.8 dB) and the circulating nurse (54.8 ± 11.2 dB, P = 0.006). However, time-weighted average was below the recommended exposure level of 85 dB for all arthroplasty cases. Peak levels did not differ significantly between surgery type or staff role, and no values above the ceiling limit of 140 dB were recorded. Surgeon’s daily noise dose percentage per case was 1.78% for THA and 2.04% for TKA. Conclusion Noise exposure in THA and TKA was higher than arthroscopic cases but did not exceed occupational standards. A daily dose percentage of approximately 2% per case indicates that repeated noise exposure likely does not reach hazardous levels in modern arthroplasty practice.

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