Form and Function

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Pitelka
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Zen Buddhism ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

The institutional and discursive connections between Zen Buddhism and the ritualized culture of tea (chanoyu) in Japan are clear, but the ostensible link between Zen and the material culture of tea (i.e., tea houses, gardens, and both imported and domestically produced utensils such as tea bowls and calligraphy) is less evident. This chapter will consider the problem of Zen’s inconsistent and historically contingent relationship to the material culture of tea with particular reference to the history of the tea bowl in Japan. It considers well-known examples of tea bowls in Japanese tea culture and the changing social and political contexts for their production and use, and it argues that for some, drinking tea from a bowl may indeed trigger satori, but for others, a bowl is just a bowl.

"Itzt kommen die Soldaten"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Venzl
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

In the 18th century, as many as 300 German-language plays were produced with the military and its contact and friction with civil society serving as focus of the dramatic events. The immense public interest these plays attracted feeds not least on the fundamental social structural change that was brought about by the establishment of standing armies. In his historico-cultural literary study, Tilman Venzl shows how these military dramas literarily depict complex social processes and discuss the new problems in an affirmative or critical manner. For the first time, the findings of the New Military History are comprehensively included in the literary history of the 18th century. Thus, the example of selected military dramas – including Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm and Lenz's Die Soldaten – reveals the entire range of variety characterizing the history of both form and function of the subject.

Descriptive Biostatistics and Epidemiology for Craniofacial Surgeons: The What, Who, When, Where, How, and Why in Data Description, Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation

FACE ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 273250162110529
Author(s):  
Jack C. Yu ◽  
Dhairya Shukla ◽  
Atbin Doroodchi ◽  
Ramtin Doroodchi ◽  
Hesamoldin Khodadadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Data Description ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

Physicians often make diagnosis and treatment decisions based on incomplete data. That is why we practice medicine. We use accumulated knowledge and prior experience, individual and collective, to restore form and function of our patients to return them to normalcy with continued, durable homeostasis. However, due to the complex nature, our diagnosis may be wrong and our treatments ineffective or even harmful. The history of medicine and surgery is replete with such examples from snake oil and bloodletting to Halstedian radical mastectomy. Without knowing the governing dynamics, the cause-effect relationship is often obscure. Prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled trials provide the highest level of evidence, like the COVID vaccine trials, to determine if a treatment works. However, trials cannot explain in detail how and why a treatment works, or why it does not. Variabilities and uncertainty abound and require the correct mathematical methods to tease out the signal from the noise, causality from association. Collectively, statistics is the science of uncertainty and the extraction of reliable, useful information from raw data. The objectives of this review are to provide craniofacial surgeons with a primer in descriptive statistics: how to design investigations, collect, prepare, present, and interpret clinical data. Since large datasets at regional and national depositories represent powerful and valuable resources, and that their proper use requires a working knowledge in epidemiology, we included sections on incidence, prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity regarding diagnosis, treatments, and testing.

scholarly journals Virtual paleontology: computer-aided analysis of fossil form and function

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran A. Rahman ◽  
Selena Y. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
And Function

‘Virtual paleontology’ entails the use of computational methods to assist in the three-dimensional (3-D) visualization and analysis of fossils, and has emerged as a powerful approach for research on the history of life. Three-dimensional imaging techniques allow poorly understood or previously unknown anatomies of fossil plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, as well as microfossils and trace fossils, to be described in much greater detail than formerly possible, and are applicable to a wide range of preservation types and specimen sizes (Table 1). These methods include non-destructive high-resolution scanning technologies such as conventional X-ray micro-tomography and synchrotron-based X-ray tomography. In addition, form and function can be rigorously investigated through quantitative analysis of computer models, for example finite-element analysis.

scholarly journals THE ROAD AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE CONTENT OF THE SHOW GARDEN

space&FORM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (46) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Izabela Myszka ◽  
◽  
Katarzyna Augustyniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Entire Space ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Road ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Decisive Influence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Road System

In this article, we focus on the subject of the show garden and place for path in the garden, in particular its forms and functions in space and meaning. The form and function of path was examined on the basis of selected, representative examples of historical gardens and contemporary show gardens of the festival in Chaumont-sur-Loire. The results showed that a path is the leading element of every garden, and its form has a decisive influence on the composition of the entire space and allows you to note content. Based on the research results, road system diagrams in historical gardens were developed and model concepts for show gardens inspired by the history of gardens were developed. The currently very touching topic of Quarantine has become the leitmotif of the garden content.

scholarly journals A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett David W
Keyword(s):  
Wound Care ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Bacterial Collagenase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Enzymatic Debridement

The following is an update to a book entitled, “A Historical Review of Enzymatic Debridement: Revisited”, which I wrote in 2003. Since its publication, while the relevant clinical evidence has remained consistent, the amount of biochemical research and knowledge gained has been impressive. In the first chapter a sampling of the typical topical enzymatic debriding agents that have been used in wound care are reviewed and interestingly enough only one remains on the market. The FDA has removed all others from the marketplace and an explanation is provided in chapter one along with descriptions of the use and mode of action (MoA) of these agents. Chapter two is a review of the many different types of collagen found in the body, including their structure, form, and function as so much additional insight into this molecule has been gained since 2003. In chapter three we see an account depicting the many advances in understanding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) reviewed in detail. Form, function, tissue orientation and preferred substrates are addressed. Finally, in chapter four we see the history of the MoA of MMPs as compared to bacterial collagenase starting in the early ‘80s to the time of this current publication. In addition we see the level of complexity of bacterial collagenases compared to MMPs, helping us to better understand why bacterial collagenase is much more efficient at removing necrotic tissue from wounds than are our own (endogenous) MMPs. I hope the reader finds this review useful from an academic standpoint, but more importantly from a clinical framework helping to understand the role of these types of therapies in wound care.

scholarly journals LE PRÉAMBULE DE LA CONSTITUTION COMME UN EXEMPLE D'UN TEXTE DE DROIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 51-66
Author(s):  
Piotr PIEPRZYCA
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Legal Text ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Function

Preamble to the Constitution is a special type of legal text, which differs significantly from the other legislative texts, both in terms of vocabulary, syntax and semantics. This paper aims to make the characteristics of the legal language of the preamble to the Constitution – its content, form and function it plays in the legal system. The linguistic corpus is composed of over twenty preambles to constitutions of European countries. The results show that, despite some differences between the preambles of individual European countries, there are many features in common – almost all mention the values and principles, considered as fundamental to the nation, such as independence, freedom or democracy. Some preambles also refer to the history of the country or religion and to the person of God – both indirectly and directly. Despite the fact that the preamble in terms of language is not like other legal texts, it has the characteristics of a normative act.

The language of visual representations in the neurosciences — relating past and future

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Stahnisch
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

AbstractIn theoretical accounts of the neurosciences, investigative research programs have often been separated into the morphological and physiological tradition. The morphological tradition is seen as describing the structure and form of the external and interior parts of the brain and spinal cord. The physiological tradition is interpreted as a compilation of those approaches which investigate cerebral functions particularly in their dynamic interactions. It must be regarded as an open question, though, whether the distinction between the morphological and physiological tradition in modern clinical and basic neuroscience has now become obsolete with the most recent neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET scans, SPECT, etc. Taken at face value, these new imaging techniques seem to relate, overlap, and even identify the anatomical with the functional substrate, when mapping individual patterns of neural activity across the visually delineated morphological structures. The particular focus of this review article is primarily on the morphological tradition, beginning with German neuroanatomist Samuel Thomas Soemmerring and leading to recent approaches in the neurohistological work of neuroscience centres in the United States and morphophysiological neuroimaging techniques in Canada. Following some landmark research steps in neuroanatomy detailed in the first section, this article analyzes the changing trajectories to an integrative theory of the brain in its second section. An examination of the relationship between form and function within the material culture of neuroscience in the third and final part, will further reveal an astonishingly heterogeneous investigative and conceptual terrain.

New Partnerships at MIT

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-167
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Moebus
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Massachusetts Institute ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
And Function

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a long history of innovation in its relationships with industry. The form and function of its Industrial Liaison Program were reported in an earlier issue of Industry and Higher Education. This article explores why companies build relationships with universities, and how they value these programmes and activities. The author also describes two important programmes underway at MIT to craft new partnerships with US industry.

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