Surviving, Remembering, Adversity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Schulkin
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Role Of Information

Chapter 7 speaks about how, while CRF is intimately involved in organ development, it is also linked to devolution of function and conditions of danger. CRF expression itself reveals developmental changes particularly in the brain. CRF is linked to diverse forms of learning and timing of events. But CRF may either enhance or degrade learning and memory. CRF tends to enhance salience and visibility, therefore learning and memory consolidation may be enhanced. However, excessive CRF expression begins to compromise these essential capabilities and promotes neural atrophy deterioration. The role of information molecules is to promote survival systems across life cycles. On the adaptive side, CRF promotes change and attention to change; on the nonadaptive side, CRF promotes decreased tissue capability and the acceleration of an aging process in end organ systems, as this chapter will discuss.

scholarly journals An Emerging Role of m6A in Memory: A Case for Translational Priming

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7447
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Leonetti ◽  
Ming Yin Chu ◽  
Fiona O. Ramnaraign ◽  
Samuel Holm ◽  
Brandon J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Tune

Investigation into the role of methylation of the adenosine base (m6A) of RNA has only recently begun, but it quickly became apparent that m6A is able to control and fine-tune many aspects of mRNA, from splicing to translation. The ability of m6A to regulate translation distally, away from traditional sites near the nucleus, quickly caught the eye of neuroscientists because of implications for selective protein translation at synapses. Work in the brain has demonstrated how m6A is functionally required for many neuronal functions, but two in particular are covered at length here: The role of m6A in 1) neuron development; and 2) memory formation. The purpose of this review is not to cover all data about m6A in the brain. Instead, this review will focus on connecting mechanisms of m6A function in neuron development, with m6A’s known function in memory formation. We will introduce the concept of “translational priming” and discuss how current data fit into this model, then speculate how m6A-mediated translational priming during memory consolidation can regulate learning and memory locally at the synapse.

scholarly journals FOXP1 syndrome: a review of the literature and practice parameters for medical assessment and monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reymundo Lozano ◽  
Catherine Gbekie ◽  
Paige M. Siper ◽  
Shubhika Srivastava ◽  
Jeffrey M. Saland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Medical Assessment ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Practice Parameters ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Multidisciplinary Group ◽  
The Brain

AbstractFOXP1 syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations or deletions that disrupt the forkhead box protein 1 (FOXP1) gene, which encodes a transcription factor important for the early development of many organ systems, including the brain. Numerous clinical studies have elucidated the role of FOXP1 in neurodevelopment and have characterized a phenotype. FOXP1 syndrome is associated with intellectual disability, language deficits, autism spectrum disorder, hypotonia, and congenital anomalies, including mild dysmorphic features, and brain, cardiac, and urogenital abnormalities. Here, we present a review of human studies summarizing the clinical features of individuals with FOXP1 syndrome and enlist a multidisciplinary group of clinicians (pediatrics, genetics, psychiatry, neurology, cardiology, endocrinology, nephrology, and psychology) to provide recommendations for the assessment of FOXP1 syndrome.

Hippocampal-prefrontal theta coupling develops as mice become proficient in associative odorant discrimination learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ramirez-Gordillo ◽  
Andrew A. Parra ◽  
K. Ulrich Bayer ◽  
Diego Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Theta Phase ◽  
Phase Amplitude ◽  
The Brain

Learning and memory requires coordinated activity between different regions of the brain. Here we studied the interaction between medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal dorsal CA1 during associative odorant discrimination learning in the mouse. We found that as the animal learns to discriminate odorants in a go-no go task the coupling of high frequency neural oscillations to the phase of theta oscillations (phase-amplitude coupling or PAC) changes in a manner that results in divergence between rewarded and unrewarded odorant-elicited changes in the theta-phase referenced power (tPRP) for beta and gamma oscillations. In addition, in the proficient animal there was a decrease in the coordinated oscillatory activity between CA1 and mPFC in the presence of the unrewarded odorant. Furthermore, the changes in PAC resulted in a marked increase in the accuracy for decoding odorant identity from tPRP when the animal became proficient. Finally, we studied the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα), a protein involved in learning and memory, in oscillatory neural processing in this task. We find that the accuracy for decoding the odorant identity from tPRP decreases in CaMKIIα knockout mice and that this accuracy correlates with behavioral performance. These results implicate a role for PAC and CaMKIIα in olfactory go-no go associative learning in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit.

The Role of Information Processing Between the Brain and Peripheral Physiological Systems in Pacing and Perception of Effort

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 705-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan St Clair Gibson ◽  
Estelle V Lambert ◽  
Laurie H G Rauch ◽  
Ross Tucker ◽  
Denise A Baden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Perception Of Effort ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Physiological Systems

scholarly journals TUBE Project: Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Maria-Viola Martikainen ◽  
Päivi Aakko-Saksa ◽  
Lenie van den Broek ◽  
Flemming R. Cassee ◽  
Roxana O. Carare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Brain

The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.

scholarly journals Awake reactivation and suppression after brief task exposure depend on task novelty

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Won Bang ◽  
Dobromir Rahnev
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Visual Training ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Task Processing ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPreviously learned information is known to be reactivated during periods of quiet wakefulness and such awake reactivation is considered to be a key mechanism for memory consolidation. We recently demonstrated that feature-specific awake reactivation occurs in early visual cortex immediately after extensive visual training on a novel task. To understand the exact role of awake reactivation, here we investigated whether such reactivation depends specifically on the task novelty. Subjects completed a brief visual task that was either novel or extensively trained on previous days. Replicating our previous results, we found that awake reactivation occurs for the novel task even after a brief learning period. Surprisingly, however, brief exposure to the extensively trained task led to “awake suppression” such that neural activity immediately after the exposure diverged from the pattern for the trained task. Further, subjects who had greater performance improvement showed stronger awake suppression. These results suggest that the brain operates different post-task processing depending on prior visual training.

Role of kinin B1 and B2 receptors in memory consolidation during the aging process of mice

Neuropeptides ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra Tolentino Resk Lemos ◽  
Fabio Agostini Amaral ◽  
Karis Ester Dong ◽  
Maria Fernanda Queiroz Prado Bittencourt ◽  
Ariadiny Lima Caetano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
B2 Receptors

scholarly journals The Role of AhR in the Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Friend and Foe

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2729
Author(s):  
Emmanuel S. Ojo ◽  
Shelley A. Tischkau
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Glial Cell Activation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has been considered to be involved in aging phenotypes across several species. This receptor is a highly conserved biosensor that is activated by numerous exogenous and endogenous molecules, including microbiota metabolites, to mediate several physiological and toxicological functions. Brain aging hallmarks, which include glial cell activation and inflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence, increase the vulnerability of humans to various neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, many studies have implicated AhR signaling pathways in the aging process and longevity across several species. This review provides an overview of the impact of AhR pathways on various aging hallmarks in the brain and the implications for AhR signaling as a mechanism in regulating aging-related diseases of the brain. We also explore how the nature of AhR ligands determines the outcomes of several signaling pathways in brain aging processes.

scholarly journals Sleep prevents catastrophic forgetting in spiking neural networks by forming joint synaptic weight representations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Golden ◽  
Jean Erik Delanois ◽  
Pavel Sanda ◽  
Maxim Bazhenov
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Synaptic Weight ◽  
Spiking Network ◽  
New Learning ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
Task Training ◽  
Foraging Task ◽  
The Brain

AbstractArtificial neural networks overwrite previously learned tasks when trained sequentially, a phenomenon known as catastrophic forgetting. In contrast, the brain learns continuously, and typically learns best when new learning is interleaved with periods of sleep for memory consolidation. In this study, we used spiking network to study mechanisms behind catastrophic forgetting and the role of sleep in preventing it. The network could be trained to learn a complex foraging task but exhibited catastrophic forgetting when trained sequentially on multiple tasks. New task training moved the synaptic weight configuration away from the manifold representing old tasks leading to forgetting. Interleaving new task training with periods of off-line reactivation, mimicking biological sleep, mitigated catastrophic forgetting by pushing the synaptic weight configuration towards the intersection of the solution manifolds representing multiple tasks. The study reveals a possible strategy of synaptic weights dynamics the brain applies during sleep to prevent forgetting and optimize learning.

Postnatal development: coordination of feeding, digestion, and metabolism

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (3) ◽  
pp. G199-G214 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Henning
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Dietary Transition ◽  
And Function

The rat is immature at birth and undergoes major developmental changes at the end of the suckling period. This review deals with the maturation of ingestive behavior, gastrointestinal digestive and absorptive functions, liver metabolism, and brain structure and function. Each aspect of development is physiologically correlated with the dietary transition of weaning. However, it is unlikely that the process of weaning acts as a cue for the ontogenic changes. In contrast, there is strong evidence for an important role of both thyroxine and corticosterone as coordinators of maturational events in various organ systems.

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