Structure and Function of Attitudes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Briñol ◽  
Richard E. Petty ◽  
Maria Stavraki
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Attitude Strength ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Attitude Certainty ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
And Function ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Explicit Measures

Attitudes refer to general evaluations people have regarding people, places, objects, and issues. Attitudes serve a number of important functions such as guiding choices and actions and giving people a sense of identity and belonging. Attitudes can differ in the extent to which they come from affect, cognition, and behavior. These bases of attitudes can be appraised objectively and subjectively. Attitudes can also differ in their strength, with some attitudes being more impactful and predictive of behavior than others. Some indicators of attitude strength have been viewed as relatively objective in nature (e.g., stability, resistance, accessibility, spreading) whereas other strength indicators are more subjective in nature (e.g., attitude certainty, subjective ambivalence, perceived moral basis of attitudes). Attitudes can be stored in memory in different ways, including an attitude structure in which attitude objects are linked to both positivity and negatively separately, tagging these evaluations with varying degrees of validity. Finally, after a long tradition of assessing attitudes using people’s responses to self-report measures (explicit measures of attitudes), more recent work has also assessed attitude change with measures that tap into people’s more automatic evaluations (implicit measures of attitudes). Implicit and explicit measures can be useful in predicting behavior separately and also in combination.

What Is the Implicit Gender-Science Stereotype? Exploring Correlations Between the Gender-Science IAT and Self-Report Measures

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 719-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hila Zitelny ◽  
Michal Shalom ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Total N ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Better Than

Implicit measures of the gender-science stereotype are often better than explicit measures in predicting relevant outcomes. This finding could reflect a discrepancy between implicit and explicit stereotypes, but an alternative is that the implicit measure is sensitive to constructs other than the stereotype. Analyzing an archival data set (total N = 478,550), we found that self-reported liking of science versus liberal arts was the best predictor of the gender-science implicit association test (IAT). In a reanalysis of a previous study and a replication of another study, we found that evidence for the IAT’s advantage over explicit stereotypes in predicting relevant outcomes disappeared when controlling for self-reported liking. Therefore, perhaps the IAT has often outperformed the explicit stereotype because the gender-science IAT captures personal attraction, whereas the explicit stereotype does not. It is premature to conclude that implicit constructs are superior to explicit constructs in predicting science-related plans and behavior.

A Latent State-Trait Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Personality Measures

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Boris Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Trait Analysis ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Implicit Assessment ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract. Explicit personality measures assess introspectively accessible self-descriptions. In contrast, implicit personality measures assess introspectively inaccessible processes that operate outside awareness. However, for both kinds of trait measures, the effect of the situation in which the assessment takes place should be as small as possible. The present study aims at quantifying possible systematic occasion-specific effects on implicit measures (Implicit Association Test) and explicit measures (self-report ratings) of extraversion and anxiety by means of a latent state-trait analysis. This analysis revealed that - as desired for personality assessment - all four measures capture mostly stable interindividual differences. Nevertheless, occasion-specific effects were also observed. These effects were (1) more pronounced for implicit than for explicit measures and (2) more pronounced for anxiety than for extraversion. Implications for the implicit assessment of personality traits are discussed.

scholarly journals Interrelation of Self-Report, Behavioural and Electrophysiological Measures Assessing Pain-Related Information Processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Dittmar ◽  
Rüdiger Krehl ◽  
Stefan Lautenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Pain Anxiety ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale ◽  
Explicit Measures

INTRODUCTION: A number of variables reflecting attentional and emotional mechanisms of processing pain-related information have recently attracted interest, ie, fear of pain, pain catastrophizing, hypervigilance and attentional bias to pain. These variables can be assessed by explicit measures based on conscious self-report, or by implicit measures assessing mainly preconscious stages of information processing such as behavioural or electrophysiological tests. Convergent validity within implicit measures was assumed to be high, as was the discriminant validity between implicit and explicit measures.METHOD: In the present study, two implicit measures (the dot-probe task for pain words and a word-processing task for pain words allowing event-related brain potential recordings) and three self-report measures (Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and Pain Hypervigilance and Awareness Questionnaire) were administered to 27 healthy participants.RESULTS: No significant associations were found between the implicit measures, or between the event-related brain potentials of pain words and the explicit measures. A single significant positive correlation was found between the dot-probe pain bias and the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale.CONCLUSION: All variables appeared to be only weakly associated. The attempt to organize the field of variables targeting attentional and emotional mechanisms of processing pain-related information using concepts such as implicit and explicit measures failed as far as the present test on convergent/discriminant validity proved.

Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

scholarly journals The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman ◽  
Emry Breedlove ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Christian Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract Background To date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments. Methods Between September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items. Results Among participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.

scholarly journals Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Rouel ◽  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Evelyn Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Contamination Fear ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation have consistently been found to be involved in contamination aversion. However, evidence of the involvement of these factors at the implicit level is mixed, and the role of both responses has not been looked at concurrently. This study aimed to compare the ability of implicit and explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation to predict contamination aversion and whether this depends on the type of contaminant. Sixty-five participants completed explicit and implicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation, as well as several measures of contamination aversion, including obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and contamination fear and avoidance of contaminants directly associated with disease (direct contaminants) and harmful substances (harm contaminants). It was found that both explicit disgust and explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination-fear obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Explicit disgust predicted contamination fear and avoidance of direct contaminants, whereas explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination fear and avoidance of harm contaminants. The involvement of implicit processes was weak, with some suggestion of difficulty disengaging predicting avoidance of contaminants. Implications for understanding dysfunctional contamination aversion are discussed.

Race of Athlete-Spokesperson and Implicit and Explicit Responses to Advertising

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howon Jeong ◽  
Sungho Cho ◽  
Minyoung Lee ◽  
Endarman Sputra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Bias ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Black Athlete ◽  
Black Athletes ◽  
Implicit Preferences ◽  
White Athletes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

In this study we investigated racial vs. athletes from other countries, bias and differences in attitude of South Koreans toward advertisements featuring Korean vs. foreign athletes and White vs. Black athletes by implementing explicit and implicit measures. The results suggest that Koreans have: (a) implicit preferences for Korean athletes over foreign athletes, (b) implicit attitudes that are more favorable toward advertisements featuring Korean athletes than toward those featuring foreign athlete-spokespersons, (c) implicit preferences for White athletes over Black athletes, and (d) implicit attitudes that are more favorable toward advertisements featuring White athlete-spokespersons than toward those featuring Black athlete-spokespersons. The explicit measures revealed several contradictory results; therefore we have discussed implications for the discrepancy between implicit and explicit measurement methods and the usefulness of implicit measures in the context of racial bias research.

scholarly journals Can Evaluative Conditioning Change Well-Established Attitudes Towards Popular Brands? Your Brain Says Yes Even Though Your Mouth Says No

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Shannon Bosshard ◽  
Monika Koller ◽  
Peter Walla
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Explicit Measures

In the present study, using both implicit and explicit measures, we addressed the issue of whether strongly developed relationships towards brands could be modified through the use of evaluative conditioning. Using an online survey, individual participant brand lists were created, and formed the basis of this experiment. Participants were then exposed to conditioning during a longitudinal study. Throughout the experiment, a combination of explicit and implicit measures was used to assess changes in attitude. Specifically, participants were asked to rate the brand names on a Likert-type scale. Simultaneously, changes in the brains electrical activity in response to the brands were recorded via electroencephalography (EEG). Upon completion of this task, participants underwent two Implicit Association Tests (IAT; one for liked brands and one for disliked brands). There were two main findings of this study. Firstly, no significant changes in attitude were observed via the use of explicit measures, and those that were found relating to the IAT were regarded as questionable. Secondly, EEG presented consistent results which showed that conditioning elicited changes in cortical activity towards both liked and disliked brands, which suggest it may be a useful tool in measuring the impact of evaluative conditioning that is not reflected in verbal responses.

scholarly journals Twenty-Five Years of Research Using Implicit Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s1-s25
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Jeffrey W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
25Th Anniversary ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The year 2020 marks the 25th anniversary of two seminal publications that have set the foundation for an exponentially growing body of research using implicit measures: Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, and Williams's (1995) work using evaluative priming to measure racial attitudes, and Greenwald and Banaji's (1995) review of implicit social cognition research that served as the basis for the development of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The current article provides an overview of (1) two conceptual roots that continue to shape interpretations of implicit measures; (2) conflicting interpretations of the term implicit; (3) different kinds of dissociations between implicit and explicit measures; (4) theoretical developments inspired by these dissociations; and (5) research that used implicit measures to address domain-specific and applied questions. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and open questions that remain to be addressed, offering guidance for the next generation of research using implicit measures.

Predicting Spontaneous Big Five Behavior with Implicit Association Tests

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Stefanie Schulze König
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Spontaneous Behavior ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

According to theories brought forward recently, implicit measures based on reaction times, for instance Implicit Association Tests (IATs), should predict spontaneous behavior better than explicit measures. We applied five IATs to the measurement of the Big Five personality factors and tested whether the IATs predicted spontaneous behavior. The results show that, although implicit and explicit measures of personality dimensions were related at times, the correlations between them and with behavior suggest that these constructs should be differentiated. IATs predicted spontaneous behavior, but explicit measures did not. In contrast, explicit measures, but not IATs, were related to transparent self-ratings of behavior.

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