Spanish Amazonia, 1532–1825

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Jones
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Native Population ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Traditional Lifestyle ◽  
Religious Devotion ◽  
Mission Church ◽  
Labor Regimes

Stretching from modern-day southern Venezuela to northern Bolivia, Spanish-controlled Amazonia represented the ultimate frontier to colonial officials. Home to hundreds of native cultures, Crown authorities consistently struggled to extend hegemony to most of the region. Barriers to entry were both physical and motivational. In the shadow of the Andes, the thick vegetation, constant rains, and lack of navigable rivers from Spanish-controlled regions meant that only the most motivated could reach its most valuable natural resources. As a result, only the most intrepid, and perhaps delusional, adventurers tried. For the most part, it was religious devotion that brought Spanish subjects to the region. Therefore, Spanish colonization in Amazonia was represented largely by the mission church than any other organ of the empire. These religious enterprises fluoresced in some places, but in most others they floundered. While the difficulties of colonization meant fewer colonizers than in other parts of the Americas, the native population suffered under colonial impositions that forced changes in their traditional lifestyle, imposed coercive labor regimes, and brought disease. The native population did not accept this passively, resulting in some of the most successful uprisings in the colonial period, including the Juan Santos Atahualpa rebellion.

scholarly journals La critique environnementale dans les récits animaliers de René Maran

Il Tolomeo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Milanesio
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rene Maran ◽  
The One

This article aims at analysing René Maran’s five animal novels. In these texts, Maran criticizes the colonial system not only for its cruelty to the native population, but also for its ecological violence against the bush and its non-human inhabitants. In particular, this research will be focusing on the author’s ability to abandon a human (and colonial) point of view in order to adopt an animal one. On the one hand, this new subjectivity – as well as Maran’s comprehension of indigenous naturalist society – allows the writer to condemn the colonial period from an ecocritical perspective. On the other hand, it provides evidence of the existence of culture among the beasts of his novels. Finally, this article will also prove that it is thanks to their culture that Maran’s animals will try to resist the colonial-centred environment and ideology.

scholarly journals KEBIJAKAN DI ERA PEMERINTAHAN JOKO WIDODO DAN JUSUF KALLA (PERSPEKTIF POLITIK HUKUM DAN AGRARIA)

GANEC SWARA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
NI LUH ARININGSIH SARI ◽  
I WAYAN SUWANDA
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Agrarian Law

   The political development of agrarian law in Indonesia is inseparable from the policies of the ruling government in each period of government. The period of development can be divided into 4 {four} periods, namely the colonial period, the Soekarno administration, the Soeharto era and the Reformation period. After the reformation, several presidential changes, namely Habibie, Gusdur, Megawati and Susilo Bambang Yudoyono, policies on the regulation of natural resources and resources are not clearly seen as the implementation of TAP MPR No. IX / 2001. Discourse related to changes in diagrammatic arrangements has been discussed but not implemented optimally. At present the Indonesian government is being led by President Joko Widodo trying to implement changes to the political law of diagramming in Indonesia

Determination of Sites of Special Importance for the Conservation of Threatened Orchid Species in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e67589
Author(s):  
Daniela Alba-Patiño ◽  
Fabian Martínez-Hernández ◽  
Juan Francisco Mota Poveda
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Endangered Orchid ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Andes Region ◽  
Selection Of

Colombia is the country with the highest number of orchid species (4270), whose optimal habitat is cold and humid forests. However, the outlook for conservation is alarming, considering that deforestation is causing the loss of millions of hectares of forests. This situation has led to the existence of 206 endangered orchid species. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine Sites of Special Importance for the Conservation of Threatened Orchid Species in Colombia (SSICO), through an analysis of their spatial and altitudinal distribution using various databases, to make a selection of nature reserves on a municipality scale, using Marxan software, and employing relevant parameters (richness, rarity, and IUCN category). Furthermore, the results were later compared with the Protected Areas System, determining their coverage to propose SSICOs. 674 records of the presence of threatened orchids in 277 municipalities were obtained. Urrao, Abrego, and Frontino were the areas with the greatest richness and rarity. Marxan selected 47 municipalities located mostly in the Andes region, and four SSICOs were prioritized, which are located in the Antioquia, Norte de Santander, Nariño and Putumayo provinces. These SSICOs, in addition to being points of great biodiversity, are areas with special socio-economic characteristics that influence the management of natural resources. These areas require timely attention, research, and intervention by environmental authorities because of their importance for conserving orchids and Andes Forests.

Quechua’s Southern Boundary: The Case of Santiago del Estero, Argentina

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH DeMARRAIS
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The South ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
North West ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Continued Use

This chapter examines the far southern boundary of Quechua's spread throughout the Andes. It argues that Quechua reached north-west Argentina in Inka times and that it was widely used during the colonial period as well. The rationale for this argument is based primarily on evidence for (1) the extent of Inka resettlements in Argentina; (2) the nature of Inka relations with local peoples in the far south; and (3) continued use of Quechua under the Spaniards, as described in the documentary sources. Less clear are the precise population movements that brought Quechua speakers initially to Santiago del Estero, as the archaeological record suggests that the Inka frontier lay higher up the slopes in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca, where the majority of Inka installations are found. The documents reveal that activities of the Spaniards had further, far-reaching consequences for Quechua's presence in the south Andes, and that ultimately Quechua was replaced in most of north-west Argentina by Spanish.

Negotiating Colonialism on the Southern Frontier of Spanish Yucatán

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Kaeding
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Yucatan Peninsula ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Spanish Colonialism ◽  
Negotiation Strategy ◽  
Administrative Control ◽  
Yucatán Peninsula ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Frontier Region ◽  
The Republic

This chapter describes Colonial Period (A.D. 1546-1750) and Early Mexican Republic Period (A.D. 1750-1847) settlement patterns as a product of individual negotiations. Data come from the Spanish colonization of the Maya in Mexico’s Yucatán peninsula. Investigations in Beneficios Altos, at the southern extent of Spanish administrative control, suggests that colonialism was negotiated between individual agents seeking to maximize their personal, family, and communal circumstances. Sometimes those agents to act in the interests of the Spanish (clearly laid out, regulated, and disseminated in the form of administrative policies and hierarchies). At other times agents resisted hegemonic pressure. The results of these negotiations are explored through settlement patterns and the documentary record of Beneficios Altos in this remote frontier region with its notoriously porous border. The negotiation strategy is traced into the Republic Period, after independence from Spanish colonialism.

Barbuda and the Provisioning of the Codrington Estates on Antigua

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
The People ◽  
Sugar Plantations ◽  
Labor System

For most of the colonial period, the Codrington family had exclusive control over the island of Barbuda. Deploying the labor of enslaved African workers, they developed the island into an important source of food and other supplies to provision their sugar plantations on nearby Antigua. This chapter examines how Barbuda’s natural resources, built landscape, and labor system were all directed toward that purpose. In particular, it compares the Codringtons’ management strategies with those of Samuel Martin and William Byam, who sub-leased the island from 1746 to 1761. In addition, Anderson argues that enslaved people on Barbuda experienced a unique form of bondage geared toward herding and cultivation of food crops rather than sugar production. It also examines how the particular environmental conditions on Barbuda both offered opportunities and presented challenges for the people lived and worked there.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN SANKSI PIDANA TENTANG KEJAHATAN KONSERVASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM HAYATI

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
S.Endang Prasetyawati
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Endangered Species ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Population Extinction ◽  
Natural Diversity ◽  
Authorized Capital

Management of natural resources and ecosystems as part of the authorized capital is essentially an integral part of sustainable development as an accomplishment of Pancasila. Indonesian nation has a rich natural diversity in it, which are of a variety of animals, one of them is an endangered species. Human behavior can currently threaten the extinction of endangered species which human ambition would like to have but do not care about habitat native population. Extinction of rare animals can be prevented by established legal protections for endangered speciesPengelolaan sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya sebagai bagian dari modal dasar tersebut pada hakikatnya merupakan bagian integral dari pembangunan nasional yang berkelanjutan sebagai pengamalan Pancasila. Bangsa Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman kekayaan alam di dalamnya, diantaranya mempunyai berbagai macam satwa, salah satunya satwa langka. Perilaku manusia saat ini dapat mengancam kepunahan dari satwa langka yang mana ambisi manusia ingin memiliki tetapi tidak memperdulikan populasinya dihabitat asalnya. Kepunahan satwa langka ini dapat dicegah dengan ditetapkan perlindungan hukum terhadap satwa langka yang dilindungi

The Incas of the Andes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Elizabeth Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Inka Empire ◽  
Kinship Ties

The Inca (also Inka) Empire, called by the Andeans themselves “Tawantinsuyu,” referred to its four parts: the Chinchaysuyu, the Antisuyu, the Collasuyu, and the Cuntisuyu. Inter-disciplinary research pictures an assemblage of ethnic groups under a dynasty of rulers, believed to have supernatural origins. This multi-cultural state, overseen by a decimally-defined administrative system, was united by kinship ties; the worship of the sun, the moon and ethnic ancestors; negotiation; reciprocity; and force. At its height, it spread from Northwestern Argentina, through Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, and included about half of Chile and the southern frontier of Colombia. Troubles began in the 1520s as a strange disease decimated the native population, claiming the emperor himself. Yet, the Inca’s jurisdiction continued to expand until circa 1532, the date when Francisco Pizarro and his followers and allies marched across the Andes and confronted the Andean emperor Atahualpa in the plaza of the highland ceremonial center of Cajamarca.

COMERCIO DE MERCANCÍAS LOCALES EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1773–1778

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Juan José Martínez Barraza
Keyword(s):  
Internal Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Retail Channels

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the trade of local merchandise in Santiago's district (Corregimiento) from 1773 to 1778, based on tributary sources. It contributes to the debate on the organization of the colonial internal market. The main traded merchandise, which represented about 80% of Chilean exports, came from the cattle exploitation that was developed in the haciendas around Santiago, whose cattle stocks were complemented from neighboring provinces in the Andes. The largest destination of this trade, in which big merchants acted together with a thousand minor merchants, were the retail channels and the artisan sectors supplying the population of Santiago. The impulse of this demand on the domestic market was so dynamic that it shows a degree of regional autonomy higher than what it is traditionally assumed for the Chilean economy in the late colonial period.

The Lima Indian Letrados: Remaking the República de Indios in the Bourbon Andes

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcira Dueñas
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Iberian Culture ◽  
The Church

In building its early modern empire across the Atlantic, Spain deployed an army of legal bureaucrats who were rooted in the Iberian culture of letters and inherited Roman law. To rule their possessions in the New World, the Habsburgs attempted a wholesale incorporation of indigenous peoples into a Hispanicized legal culture. They redistributed the native population, introduced new forms of communication, and implemented their notions of justice and social order to counter the authority of kurakas (ethnic lords) in the Andes. Over time, the establishment of Spanish legal and political institutions encouraged new supra-ayllu (community) loyalties among Andeans, while in the newly created reducciones or Indian towns, native literate officials became the immediate brokers between the colonial state and the República de Indios, a colonial reordering of indigenous worlds. Working closely with one another, indigenous escribanos, alcaldes ordinarios, procuradores de cabildo (legal advocates of the Indians’ council), along with interpreters and fiscales de iglesia (overseers of Indian conversion), performed their jobs in local office in both expected and unanticipated ways. They interwove alphabetic literacy with their experience as servants of the state and the church, creating alternative legal practices and interpretations.

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