COMERCIO DE MERCANCÍAS LOCALES EN SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1773–1778

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Juan José Martínez Barraza
Keyword(s):  
Internal Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Retail Channels

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the trade of local merchandise in Santiago's district (Corregimiento) from 1773 to 1778, based on tributary sources. It contributes to the debate on the organization of the colonial internal market. The main traded merchandise, which represented about 80% of Chilean exports, came from the cattle exploitation that was developed in the haciendas around Santiago, whose cattle stocks were complemented from neighboring provinces in the Andes. The largest destination of this trade, in which big merchants acted together with a thousand minor merchants, were the retail channels and the artisan sectors supplying the population of Santiago. The impulse of this demand on the domestic market was so dynamic that it shows a degree of regional autonomy higher than what it is traditionally assumed for the Chilean economy in the late colonial period.

Quechua’s Southern Boundary: The Case of Santiago del Estero, Argentina

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH DeMARRAIS
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The South ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Southern Boundary ◽  
North West ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Continued Use

This chapter examines the far southern boundary of Quechua's spread throughout the Andes. It argues that Quechua reached north-west Argentina in Inka times and that it was widely used during the colonial period as well. The rationale for this argument is based primarily on evidence for (1) the extent of Inka resettlements in Argentina; (2) the nature of Inka relations with local peoples in the far south; and (3) continued use of Quechua under the Spaniards, as described in the documentary sources. Less clear are the precise population movements that brought Quechua speakers initially to Santiago del Estero, as the archaeological record suggests that the Inka frontier lay higher up the slopes in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca, where the majority of Inka installations are found. The documents reveal that activities of the Spaniards had further, far-reaching consequences for Quechua's presence in the south Andes, and that ultimately Quechua was replaced in most of north-west Argentina by Spanish.

Black carbon transport between Santiago de Chile and glaciers in the Andes Mountains

2020 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 117546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Gramsch ◽  
Alicia Muñoz ◽  
Joakim Langner ◽  
Luis Morales ◽  
Cristian Soto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Andes Mountains ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Carbon Transport

Pastoral Visitations: Spaces of Negotiation in Andean Indigenous Parishes

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Standard Means ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pastoral Visitation ◽  
The Church

In the Andes, the pastoral visitation of Indian parishes usually evokes the idea of a strongly oppositional relationship between the Church and local society. This vision, lacking in nuance, has been widely disseminated both within the academy and outside it. Although it derives from a serious academic interest in discovering and analyzing the common thread of the Church's evangelization policy in Peru, this stance, centered on the problem of the “extirpation of idolatry,” has been progressively emptied of content and today tends to serve as the standard means of filling gaps in the understanding of the history of Andean peoples during the colonial period.

scholarly journals COMPETITIVENESS OF BULGARIAN ORGANIC PRODUCTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (Suppl.1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgi Aleksiev
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Competitive Position ◽  
Export Orientation ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
The Future

The production of organic products in Bulgaria is constantly growing and the role of this type of production in the development of the agricultural sector cannot be ignored. Bulgarian bio-products have an export orientation and a very small part are traded in the domestic market, which also determines the importance of their competitiveness for the future development of the sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the competitive position of Bulgarian bio-products. In order to achieve its goal, the research has to solve the following tasks: to analyze the trade with organic products in Bulgaria; to evaluate the potential for development of trade in bio-products in the internal market; to evaluate the competitiveness of Bulgarian organic products.

Cyttaria berteroi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria berteroi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus glauca, N. obliqua, N. obliqua var. macrocarpa, Nothofagus sp. (Fagaceae) [old fallen ascomata have also been recorded on litter and soil]. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Neuquén); Chile (La Araucanía, Los Lagos, Santiago de Chile, Bío-Bío). The fungus is more commonly encountered west of the Andes watershed. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

The earliest adobe monumental architecture in the Americas

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (48) ◽  
pp. e2102941118
Author(s):  
Ana Cecilia Mauricio ◽  
Rolf Grieseler ◽  
Andrew R. Heller ◽  
Alice R. Kelley ◽  
Francisco Rumiche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Unique Composition ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

Adobe bricks, or mud bricks, are construction elements which have defined major architectural traditions in the Andes over thousands of years. From Moche pyramids and the ancient city of Chan Chan in pre-Hispanic times, to Spanish casonas of the colonial period and rural houses in contemporary South America, adobe has been a central component in Andean architecture. Discovery of the remains of an early monumental building constructed primarily of adobes at Los Morteros (lower Chao Valley, north coast of Peru) places the invention of adobe architecture before 5,100 calendar years B.P. The unique composition, internal structure, and chronology of the adobes from Los Morteros show the beginnings of this architectural technique, which is associated with El Niño rainfall and the construction of the earliest adobe monumental building in the Americas. We propose that adobe architecture became a major Andean tradition after a long period of technical evolution and experimentation with both shape and composition.

Spanish Amazonia, 1532–1825

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Jones
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Native Population ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Traditional Lifestyle ◽  
Religious Devotion ◽  
Mission Church ◽  
Labor Regimes

Stretching from modern-day southern Venezuela to northern Bolivia, Spanish-controlled Amazonia represented the ultimate frontier to colonial officials. Home to hundreds of native cultures, Crown authorities consistently struggled to extend hegemony to most of the region. Barriers to entry were both physical and motivational. In the shadow of the Andes, the thick vegetation, constant rains, and lack of navigable rivers from Spanish-controlled regions meant that only the most motivated could reach its most valuable natural resources. As a result, only the most intrepid, and perhaps delusional, adventurers tried. For the most part, it was religious devotion that brought Spanish subjects to the region. Therefore, Spanish colonization in Amazonia was represented largely by the mission church than any other organ of the empire. These religious enterprises fluoresced in some places, but in most others they floundered. While the difficulties of colonization meant fewer colonizers than in other parts of the Americas, the native population suffered under colonial impositions that forced changes in their traditional lifestyle, imposed coercive labor regimes, and brought disease. The native population did not accept this passively, resulting in some of the most successful uprisings in the colonial period, including the Juan Santos Atahualpa rebellion.

Argentina and Chile: The Struggle for Patagonia 1843-1881

1980 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard O. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Successor State ◽  
The Andes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Straits Of Magellan

The statue of the Christ of the Andes commemorates the termination of a sixty-year boundary controversy that on several occasions brought Argentina and Chile to the brink of war. The dispute amicably resolved by King Edward VII of England in 1902 grew out of the Treaty of 1881, in which the two nations agreed for the first time on the boundaries in Patagonia, and in the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, that we take for granted today. The dispute that preceded the Treaty of 1881 was long and bitter. For although Patagonia and the adjacent areas were without question possessions of the Spanish crown, official neglect throughout the colonial period had denied to either successor state a clear title over them based on uti possidetis.

scholarly journals Consumo de tabaco en Santiago de Chile durante el periodo tardío colonial e inicios de la era republicana

2018 ◽  
pp. 123-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Martínez Barraza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
Revolutionary Period

This article assesses the consumption of tobacco in Santiago de Chile from the last third of the eighteenth century until the first decades of the republican era. Evidence indicates a rather favourable standard of living in Bourbon America, in contrast with the less optimistic view portrayed by Allen, Murphy and Schneider (2012). The methodology employed here consisted of compiling the trading values of the tobacconist profession, including prices and volumes of tobacco sales, in order to visualize the effective consumption of the population through the use of documentary sources from the Chilean general tobacco administration. The results show that tobacco consumption increased in Santiago during this extended period, in line with population growth and despite the rise in the average price of tobacco. In terms of volume, legal consumption of tobacco exceeded 3 pounds per capita per year at the end of the colonial period, while in the early republican decades it dropped to 2 pounds. This evolution can be explained due to the transformation of the consumption pattern in Santiago, where the colonial preference for less elaborated tobacco gave way to a greater assortment of refined products after the revolutionary period that began in 1810. More importantly, access to tobacco would have been universal, since on average it cost only 2.5% of the annual income of the least qualified workers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document