2. Secularism in Western societies
Keyword(s):
‘Secularism in Western societies’ begins by considering the city states of Ancient Greece and then the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire, with increasing church–state relations. It was the thinkers of the age of Enlightenment in Europe from the late 17th to the late 18th century whose work on church and state gave birth to a full theory of secularism that for the first time affected the policy of states in the real world. Official state secularism in France and America is discussed along with a look at modern Western societies where the rule of law through non-religious values embedded in constitutions has become the foundation of most states.