4. The early modern empire (1)

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Joachim Whaley
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Feudal Society ◽  
Reformation Movement ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Key Events

‘The early modern empire (1): from Maximilian I to the Thirty Years War’ outlines the period from 1493 to 1648. Maximilian I’s reign (1493–1519) transformed the empire. It remained a feudal society, in which the princes owed allegiance to the emperor, but it now gained more elements of a written constitution. Subsequently, the empire acquired a more extensive body of constitutional law than any other early modern European monarchy. The reigns of Charles V, Ferdinand I, and Maximilian II, and key events including Martin Luther’s Reformation movement, the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, and the Thirty Years War (1618–48) that started with a Bohemian rebellion against Habsburg rule, are all described.

Forme della presenza mercantile spagnola a Roma all'inizio dell'etŕ moderna: spunti per un confronto europeo

STORIA URBANA ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Manuel Vaquero Pineiro
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Spanish Colonies

- The different forms of presence of Spanish merchants in Rome since the beginning of Early Modern Age: ideas for a debate at European level. Between the 15th and the 16th centuries, due also to the political coverage offered by the empire of Charles V, both Castilians and Catalans succeeded in establishing themselves as the most dynamic merchants in Europe. The control they had over strategic raw materials such as wool, iron and alum and their privileged position gave them easy access to monetary flows in the coastal cities from Flanders to the Mediterranean, where a number Spanish colonies were established. These cities were soon granted with major privileges by local authorities, which fostered the settling of merchants and bankers in certain areas therein. The result, as in the case of Bruges, was the creation of districts protected by exclusive jurisdictional rights or, as in the case of Rome, a random scattering of the new settlers, with no real reference points. In the mid 16th century, in Rome the distribution of places of work and residence followed no national or religious criteria. The complex structure of social relations was thus reflected also in Rome topography.

Introduction: The Reformed Augustinians of Lower Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Christman
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
Key Events

The burnings of the Reformed Augustinian friars Hendrik Vos and Johann van den Esschen in Brussels on 1 July 1523 were the first executions of the Protestant Reformation. This chapter challenges the notion that they were peripheral to the key events of the early Reformation. Personal connections and frequent interactions existed between the Reformed Augustinians in the Low Countries (=Lower Germany) and those in Wittenberg, where Martin Luther was a member; the individuals responsible for the executions were intimates of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, and Popes Leo X and Adrian VI. An awareness of these connections raises questions about the importance of this event in the early Reformation and about how that movement functioned in its earliest stages.

Early Modern Jansenism

2015 ◽  
pp. 435-450
Author(s):  
Ephraim Radner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Reformation Movement

This chapter presents Jansenism as an originally seventeenth-century Counter-Reformation movement with a key commitment to a certain theology of grace. This had several pastoral consequences that were broadly influential among both Catholics and Protestants, especially in the areas of scriptural study and devotion. Jansenist interest in the Augustinian tradition, however, proved a losing cause within the evolving modern church. Three papal bulls condemned certain Jansenist ideas and provided the impetus for the conflict with Rome, the French monarchy, and other institutions. The major political aspects associated with the movement in the eighteenth century eventually overwhelmed its theology and hopes. By the nineteenth century, the movement’s final political phase was seen as an amalgam of anti-papalism, anti-Jesuitism, conciliarism, republicanism, and nationalism.

Empires and Cities—Political Thought in an Age of Expansion

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-41
Author(s):  
Sarah Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Desiderius Erasmus ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Charles V ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Practical Implications

In 1519 Charles V became the most powerful figure Europe had seen for generations, ruling over a vast collection of lands which stretched from the Iberian coast to the Baltic Sea. To the East, however, the position of the Ottoman sultan Selim I was no less auspicious. Not only had he amassed a large territory through conquest and force of arms, but he had established himself as Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. Both men seemed blessed by their respective Gods and charged with authority both political and religious. Their empires would exert a powerful hold over the early modern imagination, as people wrestled with the intellectual as well as the practical implications of imperial rule. Across these lands, the concept of empire was challenged as well as defended, using Roman law, humanism, and religious ideas. Desiderius Erasmus combined classical ideas with Christianity to offer a new mirror for princes, while Niccolò Machiavelli drew on the heritage of ancient Rome to defend a vision of civic virtù. Meanwhile, the Ottoman sultans encouraged the development of an expansive imperial ideology in which the sultan was portrayed as divinely favoured.

Shifting Identities: Foreign State Servants in France and the Ottoman Empire

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Isom-Verhaaren
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Basic Component ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Personal Choice ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Foreign State ◽  
Shifting Identities ◽  
French Identity

AbstractThis essay compares the use of "foreign" state servants in the early-modern kingdom of France and the Ottoman Empire. In both realms, identity was understood as a matter of loyalty not to a defined territory but rather to a dynasty; hence service to the dynasty offered a ready path for assimilation. For a contemporary Ottoman historian, "the inhabitants of Rum" were a people of diverse origins, often descended from converts to Islam. For French jurists, the basic component of citizenship in the kingdom was personal choice; thus French "identity" was gained or lost as outsiders chose to serve the king, or natives of France chose to serve one of his rivals. This fluidity in matters of identity may be illustrated by three careers. George Paleologus Dysphatos (d. 1496), having converted to Roman Catholicism, rose to prominence under Kings Louis XI and Charles VIII, while a man known only as Hüseyn, the subaşt of Lemnos, was important as a diplomat and intelligence-gatherer in the service of Sultan Bayezid II; only from a chance reference in a letter of Charles VIII concerning Hüseyn do we know that he was George's cousin, obviously a convert to Islam. Christophe de Roggendorf (1510-post 1585) who was an Austrian nobleman and who had fought in Austrian armies against Ottoman forces. When Emperor Charles V ruled against him in an inheritance dispute he switched sides, moving to Istanbul where he served Sultan Süleyman for a time. But since he would not convert to Islam, preventing his being eligible for an important office, Roggendorf changed his allegiance again, ending his active career as an honored commander and diplomat under Kings Henri II and Charles IX. As these examples suggest, this was an era in which rulers competed for the loyalty of talented men, regardless of their origins, and potential state servants chose identities that served their own ambitions.

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