Conclusion: The Identity of Identity

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Florian Coulmas
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

The word ‘identity’ suggests immutability, self-sameness, and permanency, while in fact it does what other words also do: it changes its meaning, now so rapidly that it is hard to keep track. ‘Conclusion: the identity of identity’ concludes that, on the individual level, identities have become a matter of negotiating and, as the need to do so arises, renegotiating your place, your purpose, and your presentation in everyday life. On the collective level, identities are fuzzy sets rather than clearly delineated groups. Yet, the assertion of, search for, and preoccupation with, identity keeps growing and invading ever more spheres of life. There are no indications that the identity wave is flattening.

Conclusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Moore
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Organizational Ethics ◽  
Stakeholder Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Do So

The purpose of the concluding chapter is to review and draw some conclusions from all that has been covered in previous chapters. To do so, it first summarizes the MacIntyrean virtue ethics approach, particularly at the individual level. It then reconsiders the organizational and managerial implications, drawing out some of the themes which have emerged from the various studies which have been explored particularly in Chapters 8 and 9. In doing so, the chapter considers a question which has been implicit in the discussions to this point: how feasible is all of this, particularly for organizations? In the light of that, it revisits the earlier critique of current approaches to organizational ethics (Corporate Social Responsibility and the stakeholder approach), before concluding.

scholarly journals Status Construction During COVID-19: Antibody Positive People's Rising Prestige

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. R. Evans ◽  
Jonathan Kelley ◽  
Sarah Kelley
Keyword(s):  
State Theory ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Scripts ◽  
General Logic ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Small Elements ◽  
New Inequalities ◽  
Do So

The protracted COVID-19 crisis provides a new social niche in which new inequalities can emerge. We provide predictions about one such new inequality using the logic of Status Construction Theory (SCT). SCT, rooted in Expectations State Theory and from there developed by Ridgeway and colleagues, proposes general hypotheses about how new inequalities arise through process of interaction at the individual level: an unordered categorical difference becomes attached to a cultural value that gives one category more value than the other; social scripts concerning it emerge; small elements of assertion and deference creep into more and more encounters that an individual participates in, hears about through networks, and learns about via social and conventional media. The categorical difference begins to morph into a hierarchical status distinction. Through these mechanisms, individuals develop “status beliefs” that most people in their communities endorse the status distinction. Although they may or may not endorse the distinction personally, they believe that most people do so and they find that the path of least resistance socially is to enact the scripts that affirm the higher status/prestige of the favored group. We apply Status Construction Theory to the categorical difference between Antibody Positives (who have been tested for IgG antibodies) and Others (everybody else). Using the general logic of SCT and specifically developing applications of its key propositions, we predict that the categorical difference between Antibody Positives and Others will transition to a status distinction and propose testable, falsifiable hypotheses about each step of the process.

scholarly journals Mary’s Reincarnation and the Banality of Salvation: The Millennialist Cultus of the Lady of All Nations/Peoples

Numen ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 486-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jan Margry
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
New Age ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Universal Salvation ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Religious Crisis

Abstract This article deals with the transnational Dutch-Canadian apparitional cultus of our Lady of All Nations/Peoples. It analyses how contemporary visionary Catholicism is influenced by religious eclecticism, esotericism, and New Age spiritualities, and how this devotion has shifted into an autonomous millennialist movement. Finding fertile soil in modern societies in socio-economic, political, and religious crisis, and due to the dwindling of existential certainties at the individual level, its ideology of “progressive millennialism” has shown itself to be a successful religious format that mobilizes devotees, even when its deviation brings the movement into conflict with the formal Church. The movement’s prophetic and millennialist views fit into a salvific system of conditionality according to which the visionary, unveiled as the reincarnation of Mary herself, will realize the new millennium if her party will fulfill certain conditions. With its new theology the Quebec movement tries to appropriate the whole Lady cultus as a vehicle for universal salvation. In this way the means for revelation and salvation are taken from the hierarchical ecclesiastical powers-that-be and situated in the “banality” of the everyday life of the reincarnated Mary. In the providential Marie-Paule Giguère, the devotees involved find an appealing prophet who is both Mary and a co-redeeming messiah, and who in the near future is supposed to realize the second millennium, framed in a new, modern cosmology, for all peoples and faiths.

scholarly journals Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. eaau4586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Guess ◽  
Jonathan Nagler ◽  
Joshua Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Age Effect ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Widespread Dissemination ◽  
Do So

So-called “fake news” has renewed concerns about the prevalence and effects of misinformation in political campaigns. Given the potential for widespread dissemination of this material, we examine the individual-level characteristics associated with sharing false articles during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign. To do so, we uniquely link an original survey with respondents’ sharing activity as recorded in Facebook profile data. First and foremost, we find that sharing this content was a relatively rare activity. Conservatives were more likely to share articles from fake news domains, which in 2016 were largely pro-Trump in orientation, than liberals or moderates. We also find a strong age effect, which persists after controlling for partisanship and ideology: On average, users over 65 shared nearly seven times as many articles from fake news domains as the youngest age group.

scholarly journals Climate Change, the Arctic and I

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Binachon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
State Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
State Actors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

This article uses the constructivist political theory to explain individual, state and non-state actors’ relationships with a warming Arctic. At the individual level, constructivism explains why the author studies the Arctic, even though there is no apparent, rational interest to do so. At the State level, constructivism can explain the different behaviours adopted by the States towards the fast-warming Arctic, which constantly adapt to specific social context and norms. Finally, constructivism thus highlights that non-State actors play a substantial role in international relations, because they influence social norms and meanings.

scholarly journals Unequal treatment toward copartisans versus non-copartisans is reduced when partisanship can be falsified

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244651
Author(s):  
Maria Abascal ◽  
Kinga Makovi ◽  
Anahit Sargsyan
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Democrats And Republicans ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Do So

Studies show that Democrats and Republicans treat copartisans better than they do non-copartisans. However, party affiliation is different from other identities associated with unequal treatment. Compared to race or gender, people can more easily falsify, i.e., lie about, their party affiliation. We use a behavioral experiment to study how people allocate resources to copartisan and non-copartisan partners when partners are allowed to falsify their affiliation and may have incentives to do so. When affiliation can be falsified, the gap between contributions to signaled copartisans and signaled non-copartisans is eliminated. This happens in part because some participants—especially strong partisans—suspect that partners who signal a copartisan affiliation are, in fact, non-copartisans. Suspected non-copartisans earn less than both partners who signal that they are non-copartisans and partners who withhold their affiliation. The findings reveal an unexpected upside to the availability of falsification: at the aggregate level, it reduces unequal treatment across groups. At the individual-level, however, falsification is risky.

The Individual Level: Sorting Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Tim Krieger ◽  
Laura Renner ◽  
Lena Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Environmental Conflict ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Selection Pattern ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

This chapter explores what drives the decision of an individual to migrate to a particular place (migrant sorting). The authors do so by studying the mechanisms, empirical evidence, and policy implications of migrant sorting in the context of environmental conflict-induced migration. Predicting the sorting outcome of migration processes is very complex, because many different factors play a role: the type of environmental onset, the type of conflict, the individual propensity to migrate among different groups of society, the selection pattern of migrants, the attractiveness of destinations with respect to various characteristics, as well as national and international migration governance. The authors highlight that this has important implications for governance since host countries can adjust their immigration policies. Such adjustments, in turn, feed back into individual sorting decisions.

Affect and the Motivational Foundations of Social Capital

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenz Goette ◽  
David Huffman
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Economic Choice ◽  
Behavioral Tendencies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

Social capital is a resource that includes the willingness of members of society to cooperate with each other, even when it is not in their own individual material self-interests to do so, or enforce beneficial social norms, even when this is materially costly for the enforcer. Evidence from economic choice experiments suggests that affect may play an important role in the individual-level decision process that generates these behavioral tendencies. Negative affective responses to uncooperative behavior can lead to a breakdown in social capital, if there is no option to punish. Given a punishment option, however, individuals discipline uncooperative types, even though it is materially costly to do so. This can completely counteract the tendency for social capital to decline in repeated interactions. Positive affect, triggered by punishing uncooperative types, appears to play a role in generating this socially beneficial willingness to sanction.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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