scholarly journals Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. eaau4586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Guess ◽  
Jonathan Nagler ◽  
Joshua Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Age Effect ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Profile Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Widespread Dissemination ◽  
Do So

So-called “fake news” has renewed concerns about the prevalence and effects of misinformation in political campaigns. Given the potential for widespread dissemination of this material, we examine the individual-level characteristics associated with sharing false articles during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign. To do so, we uniquely link an original survey with respondents’ sharing activity as recorded in Facebook profile data. First and foremost, we find that sharing this content was a relatively rare activity. Conservatives were more likely to share articles from fake news domains, which in 2016 were largely pro-Trump in orientation, than liberals or moderates. We also find a strong age effect, which persists after controlling for partisanship and ideology: On average, users over 65 shared nearly seven times as many articles from fake news domains as the youngest age group.

Conclusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Moore
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Organizational Ethics ◽  
Stakeholder Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Do So

The purpose of the concluding chapter is to review and draw some conclusions from all that has been covered in previous chapters. To do so, it first summarizes the MacIntyrean virtue ethics approach, particularly at the individual level. It then reconsiders the organizational and managerial implications, drawing out some of the themes which have emerged from the various studies which have been explored particularly in Chapters 8 and 9. In doing so, the chapter considers a question which has been implicit in the discussions to this point: how feasible is all of this, particularly for organizations? In the light of that, it revisits the earlier critique of current approaches to organizational ethics (Corporate Social Responsibility and the stakeholder approach), before concluding.

scholarly journals How Can Psychological Science Help Counter the Spread of Fake News?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander van der Linden ◽  
Jon Roozenbeek ◽  
Rakoen Maertens ◽  
Melisa Basol ◽  
Ondřej Kácha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Intervention Effectiveness ◽  
Motivated Cognition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Individual

Abstract In recent years, interest in the psychology of fake news has rapidly increased. We outline the various interventions within psychological science aimed at countering the spread of fake news and misinformation online, focusing primarily on corrective (debunking) and pre-emptive (prebunking) approaches. We also offer a research agenda of open questions within the field of psychological science that relate to how and why fake news spreads and how best to counter it: the longevity of intervention effectiveness; the role of sources and source credibility; whether the sharing of fake news is best explained by the motivated cognition or the inattention accounts; and the complexities of developing psychometrically validated instruments to measure how interventions affect susceptibility to fake news at the individual level.

Public service motivation and willingness to collaborate

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Getha-Taylor ◽  
Alexa Haddock-Bigwarfe
Keyword(s):  
Homeland Security ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine public service motivation (PSM) and the connection with collaborative attitudes among a sample of homeland security actors representing the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. Design/methodology/approach – This study examines relationships between measures of PSM and collaboration using original survey data and hierarchical multiple regression. Findings – Findings reveal strong positive relationships between PSM measures and attitudes toward collaboration at the individual and organizational level. Research limitations/implications – Survey results are cross-sectional and are from respondents participating in a single state's homeland security summit. Practical implications – It is expected that results can be used to enhance collaboration at the individual and organizational levels. At the organizational level, results can be used for matching individuals with collaborative opportunities. At the individual level, results can be used for enhanced self-reflection and effectiveness purposes. Originality/value – This study provides insights on the relationship between PSM measures and collaborative attitudes. The research contributes to the body of scholarly work connecting PSM and correlates of interest.

Refinancing the Rentier State: Welfare, Inequality, and Citizen Preferences toward Fiscal Reform in the Gulf Oil Monarchies

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-317
Author(s):  
Justin J. Gengler ◽  
Bethany Shockley ◽  
Michael C. Ewers
Keyword(s):  
Rentier State ◽  
State Spending ◽  
Fiscal Reform ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Welfare Inequality

Against the backdrop of fiscal reform efforts in Middle East oil producers, this article proposes a general framework for understanding how citizens relate to welfare benefits in the rentier state and then tests some observable implications using original survey data from the quintessential rentier state of Qatar. Using two novel choice experiments, we ask Qataris to choose between competing forms of economic subsidies and state spending, producing a clear and reliable ordering of welfare priorities. Expectations derived from the experiments about the individual-level determinants of rentier reform preferences are then tested using data from a follow-up survey. Findings demonstrate the importance of non-excludable public goods, rather than private patronage, for upholding the rentier bargain.

Conclusion: The Identity of Identity

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Florian Coulmas
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

The word ‘identity’ suggests immutability, self-sameness, and permanency, while in fact it does what other words also do: it changes its meaning, now so rapidly that it is hard to keep track. ‘Conclusion: the identity of identity’ concludes that, on the individual level, identities have become a matter of negotiating and, as the need to do so arises, renegotiating your place, your purpose, and your presentation in everyday life. On the collective level, identities are fuzzy sets rather than clearly delineated groups. Yet, the assertion of, search for, and preoccupation with, identity keeps growing and invading ever more spheres of life. There are no indications that the identity wave is flattening.

scholarly journals Status Construction During COVID-19: Antibody Positive People's Rising Prestige

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. R. Evans ◽  
Jonathan Kelley ◽  
Sarah Kelley
Keyword(s):  
State Theory ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Scripts ◽  
General Logic ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Small Elements ◽  
New Inequalities ◽  
Do So

The protracted COVID-19 crisis provides a new social niche in which new inequalities can emerge. We provide predictions about one such new inequality using the logic of Status Construction Theory (SCT). SCT, rooted in Expectations State Theory and from there developed by Ridgeway and colleagues, proposes general hypotheses about how new inequalities arise through process of interaction at the individual level: an unordered categorical difference becomes attached to a cultural value that gives one category more value than the other; social scripts concerning it emerge; small elements of assertion and deference creep into more and more encounters that an individual participates in, hears about through networks, and learns about via social and conventional media. The categorical difference begins to morph into a hierarchical status distinction. Through these mechanisms, individuals develop “status beliefs” that most people in their communities endorse the status distinction. Although they may or may not endorse the distinction personally, they believe that most people do so and they find that the path of least resistance socially is to enact the scripts that affirm the higher status/prestige of the favored group. We apply Status Construction Theory to the categorical difference between Antibody Positives (who have been tested for IgG antibodies) and Others (everybody else). Using the general logic of SCT and specifically developing applications of its key propositions, we predict that the categorical difference between Antibody Positives and Others will transition to a status distinction and propose testable, falsifiable hypotheses about each step of the process.

scholarly journals Social contacts and the locations in which they occur as risk factors for influenza infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1789) ◽  
pp. 20140709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kin O. Kwok ◽  
Benjamin J. Cowling ◽  
Vivian W. I. Wei ◽  
Kendra M. Wu ◽  
Jonathan M. Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Mixing Patterns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The interaction of human social behaviour and transmission is an intriguing aspect of the life cycle of respiratory viral infections. Although age-specific mixing patterns are often assumed to be the key drivers of the age-specific heterogeneity in transmission, the association between social contacts and biologically confirmed infection has not previously been tested at the individual level. We administered a questionnaire to participants in a longitudinal cohort survey of influenza in which infection was defined by longitudinal paired serology. Using a variety of statistical approaches, we found overwhelming support for the inclusion of individual age in addition to contact variables when explaining odds of infection: the best model not including age explained only 15.7% of the deviance, whereas the best model with age explained 23.6%. However, within age groups, we did observe an association between contacts, locations and infection: median numbers of contacts (or locations) reported by those infected were higher than those from the uninfected group in every age group other than the youngest. Further, we found some support for the retention of location and contact variables in addition to age in our regression models, with excess odds of infection of approximately 10% per additional 10 contacts or one location. These results suggest that, although the relationship between age and incidence of respiratory infection at the level of the individual is not driven by self-reported social contacts, risk within an age group may be.

Do Francophone and Islamic schooling communities participate differently? Disaggregating parents' political behaviour in Mali

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Bleck
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTDespite strong empirical evidence of the influence of religious brokers on political mobilisation in Africa, we know very little about the individual-level relationship between religious association and political behaviour. Drawing upon an emerging comparative literature on the effect of social service provision on political participation, this article asks whether Malian consumers of Islamic schooling are as likely to seize new democratic opportunities for electoral participation as their peers who send their children to public schools. Using an original survey of 1,000 citizens, exit polling and interviews, this analysis demonstrates that parents who enrol their children in madrasas are less likely than other respondents to report voting. Conversely, parents who send their children to public schools are more likely to participate in electoral politics.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Infodemic: Analysis of the Spread and Reach of Misinformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Devashree A. Josh
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Word Clouds ◽  
Original Survey

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the circulation of misinformation and fake news has generated lot of fact discrepancies and scientific oversights. Our research aims to comprehensively assess the spread of misinformation regarding COVID-19 and analyze its reach across demographic parameters like age group, gender and country of residence. Data Analysis has been performed using various open-source technologies like Python, Tableau, R Studio by generating diverse visual plots and Word Clouds. For experimental purposes, we considered India and USA as countries of focus and the data was collected accordingly. Furthermore, an independent, original Survey has been designed and conducted to trace the reach of viral, verbatim misinformation articles in both the countries. We studied the misinformation data across parameters like – misinformation types, motives and medium of spread. Our research proved to be of practical relevance, and it is gauged to be beneficial to strategize mitigation measures required to be enforced in not just COVID-19 pandemic like situations but also in various other fields where the misinformation problem persists.

scholarly journals Climate Change, the Arctic and I

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Binachon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
State Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
State Actors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

This article uses the constructivist political theory to explain individual, state and non-state actors’ relationships with a warming Arctic. At the individual level, constructivism explains why the author studies the Arctic, even though there is no apparent, rational interest to do so. At the State level, constructivism can explain the different behaviours adopted by the States towards the fast-warming Arctic, which constantly adapt to specific social context and norms. Finally, constructivism thus highlights that non-State actors play a substantial role in international relations, because they influence social norms and meanings.

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