8. Localized weather

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Storm Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Fog ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Katabatic Winds ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Lake Effect ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Lake Breezes ◽  
Advection Fog ◽  
Local Winds

Although certain weather events, such as violent tornadoes, affect relatively small areas on the ground, there are a number of effects that are localized in their influence. ‘Localized weather’ first considers fog, which may be associated with widespread anticyclonic conditions leading to a significant drop in temperature at night, and relatively quiet, or windless, conditions. The two common forms of fog are radiation fog and advection fog. Haze and smog are also discussed along with local winds divided into two groups: sea, land, and lake breezes; and valley and mountain winds. Katabatic winds, föhn conditions, lake effect snow, ice storms, and glaze (or ‘black ice’) are also considered.

A Comparison of Low-Cost Collector Configurations for Quantifying Ice Accretion

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1429-1442
Author(s):  
John L. Campbell ◽  
Lindsey E. Rustad ◽  
Sarah Garlick ◽  
Noah Newman ◽  
John S. Stanovick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Ice Accretion ◽  
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Diameters ◽  
Economic And Social Impacts

AbstractIce storms are important winter weather events that can have substantial environmental, economic, and social impacts. Mapping and assessment of damage after these events could be improved by making ice accretion measurements at a greater number of sites than is currently available. There is a need for low-cost collectors that can be distributed broadly in volunteer observation networks; however, use of low-cost collectors necessitates understanding of how collector characteristics and configurations influence measurements of ice accretion. A study was conducted at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire that involved spraying water over passive ice collectors during freezing conditions to simulate ice storms of different intensity. The collectors consisted of plates composed of four different materials and installed horizontally; two different types of wires strung horizontally; and rods of three different materials, with three different diameters, and installed at three different inclinations. Results showed that planar ice thickness on plates was 2.5–3 times as great as the radial ice thickness on rods or wires, which is consistent with expectations based on theory and empirical evidence from previous studies. Rods mounted on an angle rather than horizontally reduced the formation of icicles and enabled more consistent measurements. Results such as these provide much needed information for comparing ice accretion data. Understanding of relationships among collector configurations could be refined further by collecting data from natural ice storms under a broader range of weather conditions.

Fatal weather-related carbon monoxide poisonings in the United States

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Aging Infrastructure ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Alternative Power ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can cause injury or death if inhaled. CO is a frequent secondary hazard induced by the aftereffects of natural hazards as individuals, families, and communities often seek alternative power sources for heating, cooking, lighting, and cleanup during the emergency and recovery phases of a disaster. These alternative power sources—such as portable generators, petroleum-based heaters, and vehicles—exhaust CO that can ultimately build to toxic levels in enclosed areas. Ever-increasing environmental and societal changes combined with an aging infrastructure are growing the odds of power failures during hazardous weather events, which, in turn, are increasing the likelihood of CO exposure, illness, and death. This study analyzed weather-related CO fatalities from 2000 to 2019 in the U.S. using death certificate data, providing one of the longest assessments of this mortality. Results reveal that over 8,300 CO fatalities occurred in the U.S. during the 20-year study period, with 17% of those deaths affiliated with weather perils. Cool-season perils such as ice storms, snowstorms, and extreme cold were the leading hazards that led to situations causing CO fatalities. States in the Southeast and Northeast had the highest CO fatality rates, with winter having the greatest seasonal mortality. In general, these preventable CO poisoning influxes are related to a deficiency of knowledge on generator safety and the absence of working detectors and alarms in the enclosed locations where poisonings occur. Education and prevention programs that target the most vulnerable populations will help prevent future weather-related CO fatalities.

scholarly journals Categorizing the Meteorological Origins of Critical Ramp Events in Collective Photovoltaic Array Output

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya J. Wellby ◽  
Nicholas A. Engerer
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Solar Forecasting ◽  
Radiation Fog ◽  
Event Identification ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Photovoltaic Array ◽  
Solar Arrays ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Ramp Events ◽  
Array Output

AbstractPhotovoltaic (PV) solar power use is increasing globally. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has legislated a renewable energy target of 90% by 2020; to reach this target, use of distributed PV solar arrays is expected to increase. Cloud cover can cause the power output of PV installations to rapidly increase or decrease, resulting in ACT-wide collective ramp events. Accurate forecasts of when the ramp events will occur are needed for electricity providers to plan for these abrupt output changes and to ensure that electricity supplies remain stable. This paper categorizes the weather events that cause changes in the output of rooftop PV arrays in the ACT, providing a foundation for future PV output forecasting to be based on weather event identification. This paper identifies citywide collective ramp events, which occur when a 60% change in collective PV power output (with respect to the clear-sky potential) is experienced within 60 min. Such events are termed critical collective ramp events. Throughout the period between January 2012 and July 2014, 34 critical ramp events occurred. Eighteen of these events were positive collective ramp events, caused most frequently by Australian northwest cloud bands and radiation fog dissipation. Sixteen negative collective ramp events were recorded, and they were caused most frequently by the passage of cold fronts and thunderstorms. The categories developed herein will make it possible to improve short-term solar forecasting methods and to enable meteorologists to contribute to forecasting critical events.

scholarly journals The Eye of the Storm: Extreme Weather Events and Sustainable Urban Forest Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Marshman
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Weather Events

More people live in cities today than ever before. One indicator of a sustainable urban environment is a full canopy cover. Urban residents value trees for the benefits of improved air quality, provision of shade, and aesthetic purposes, among others. Although urban trees are greatly valued, they are up against environmental challenges. Global climate change threatens urban forests because of the accompanying increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Hurricanes, intense precipitation, windstorms, and ice storms, are included. In Halifax (2003) Hurricane Juan negatively affected the urban forest canopy and some areas have not fully recovered. Similarly, in Vancouver’s Stanley Park (2006 & 2007) an extreme windstorm hit the urban canopy. How can urban forest planners adapt the urban forest to become more resilient in the face of such events?

scholarly journals Local katabatic winds of the Russian Federation and their observation from space using SAR imagery.

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Large Lakes ◽  
Katabatic Winds ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Sar Imagery ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Winds

Data from the spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SAR) provide new opportunities for observing and studying local katabatic winds (bora, foehn) in various marine regions of the Russian Federation and adjacent countries. The impact of these winds on the characteristics of small-scale wind waves leads to the formation of characteristic manifestations on the sea surface which are displayed on SAR images. Satellite SAR images, in contrast to sub-satellite observations, make it possible to see the phenomenon in the coastal zones of seas and large lakes, judge the spatial scale of the phenomenon and determine a number of it quantitative characteristics. Analysis of collected SAR images shows that local winds, bora-like and foehn-like, have similar characteristics and cover vast areas of the inland and marginal seas of the Russian Federation. The similarity of the surface manifestations of the local winds, clearly speaks about the same physical and aerohydrodynamic mechanisms of their display on SAR images. It is shown that spaceborne SAR data and images, which are two-dimensional spatial patterns of frozen wind, are extremely useful for research and monitoring local winds over the seas of the Russian Federation, especially where the network of weather stations is extremely rare.

scholarly journals Fog characteristics at the airport of Thessaloniki, Greece

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1541-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Stolaki ◽  
S. A. Kazadzis ◽  
D. V. Foris ◽  
Th. S. Karacostas
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Radiation Fog ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
Advection Fog

Abstract. A statistical approach in order to study fog event characteristics occuring at the airport of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece is presented in this work. To achieve this, the seasonal and diurnal characteristics of fog are investigated using 35 years (1971–2005) of observations of meteorological parameters such as: visibility, air temperature, dew point temperature, air relative humidity, wind vector, precipitation, and cloud base height and coverage. Hourly surface observations of fifteen (15) years (1991–2005) are used to identify fog events induced by various physical mechanisms. Fog events are classified into fog types through the application of objective criteria that are derived upon fog formation processes and under the influence of various physiographic features. The temporal variability of different fog type occurrences are examined and the events are characterized according to their duration and intensity. The results are somehow affected by regional and local factors. Fog is mainly formed in winter time (~64%) with an enhanced likelihood to appear also in late autumn (19%). The highest frequency of the fog events occurs around sunrise or 1 to 2 h before of it. The mean duration of the events is about 4.5 h. Most of them (75%) are dense (visibility <400 m). The overall fog phenomenon is a combination of various types, such as: advection fog, radiation fog, cloud-base lowering fog and precipitation fog. Advection fog (30%) and radiation fog (29%), which are the most common types, occur predominantly in winter and early spring time. With respect to the former type, it seems that, in many cases, already formed fog is advected from the nearby Anthemountas valley. Moreover, a considerable number of fog events (22%) result from cloud-base lowering, and they frequently occur in late autumn and mid winter.

scholarly journals Analysis of the impacts of extreme weather events on Ontario’s electricity grid using agent-based modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailiya Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Impact

Extreme weather events have increased and are causing severe impacts on the electricity grid. Heat waves and ice storms are becoming more intense and frequent in Ontario, Canada. During an extreme weather event, the electricity demand fluctuates and the reliability of the electrical grid decreases due to equipment failure and shortage of electricity supply, which leads to blackouts. An initial stage simulation model is developed using the computational technique agent-based model. This thesis analyzed the impact of extreme weather events based on severity and frequency levels on two sector of Ontario’s electricity grid which are generation plants and distribution network. The simulation output showed multiple grid failures in different regions during extreme severity levels and increased frequencies of weather events. The model also showed heat waves and ice storms resulting differently depending on the month, extreme temperature months were more prone to failures than average temperature months.

scholarly journals Analysis of the impacts of extreme weather events on Ontario’s electricity grid using agent-based modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailiya Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Computational Technique ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Ice Storms ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Impact

Extreme weather events have increased and are causing severe impacts on the electricity grid. Heat waves and ice storms are becoming more intense and frequent in Ontario, Canada. During an extreme weather event, the electricity demand fluctuates and the reliability of the electrical grid decreases due to equipment failure and shortage of electricity supply, which leads to blackouts. An initial stage simulation model is developed using the computational technique agent-based model. This thesis analyzed the impact of extreme weather events based on severity and frequency levels on two sector of Ontario’s electricity grid which are generation plants and distribution network. The simulation output showed multiple grid failures in different regions during extreme severity levels and increased frequencies of weather events. The model also showed heat waves and ice storms resulting differently depending on the month, extreme temperature months were more prone to failures than average temperature months.

Electron Diffraction of Wet Biological Membranes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
S.W. Hui ◽  
D.F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Electron Diffraction Technique ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Collection Time ◽  
Camera Length

The development of the hydration stages for electron microscopes has opened up the application of electron diffraction in the study of biological membranes. Membrane specimen can now be observed without the artifacts introduced during drying, fixation and staining. The advantages of the electron diffraction technique, such as the abilities to observe small areas and thin specimens, to image and to screen impurities, to vary the camera length, and to reduce data collection time are fully utilized. Here we report our pioneering work in this area.

Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall Mutants, Slime And Slime X, Using Tem and Sem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Karen S. Howard ◽  
H. D. Braymer ◽  
M. D. Socolofsky ◽  
S. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Isolated Cell

The recently isolated cell wall mutant slime X of Neurospora crassa was prepared for ultrastructural and morphological comparison with the cell wall mutant slime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the methods of preparation for TEM and SEM observations, as well as to make a preliminary comparison of the two mutants.TEM: Cells of the slime mutant were prepared for thin sectioning by the method of Bigger, et al. Slime X cells were prepared in the same manner with the following two exceptions: the cells were embedded in 3% agar prior to fixation and the buffered solutions contained 5% sucrose throughout the procedure.SEM: Two methods were used to prepare mutant and wild type Neurospora for the SEM. First, single colonies of mutant cells and small areas of wild type hyphae were cut from solid media and fixed with OSO4 vapors similar to the procedure used by Harris, et al. with one alteration. The cell-containing agar blocks were dehydrated by immersion in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP).

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